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Biology > Campbell Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Campbell Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

How does Energy enter an ecosystem

A

Sunlight

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2
Q

What is Cellular Respiration

A

Cells harvest energy from organic molecules, primarily glucose

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3
Q

What are the byproducts of Cellular Respiration

A

Carbon Dioxide and Water

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4
Q

How is the ATP recycling process an example of Energy Coupling

A

Energy released from breakdown of glucose is used to synthesize ATP

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5
Q

What is Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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6
Q

What is Reduction

A

Gain of Electrons

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7
Q

What is a redox reaction

A

transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another.

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8
Q

When electrons move from a ____ electronegative atom to a ____electronegative atom, ____________ .

A

Less, More, Energy is released

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9
Q

Where do Carbohydrates and Fats store their energy

A

in their C-H bonds

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10
Q

What is the Key Electron carrier in Cellular Respiration

A

NAD+

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11
Q

What does NAD+ turn into after cellular respiration

A

NADH

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12
Q

What is the Redox Reaction that creates the energy that is used to synthesize ATP

A

transfer of electrons from glucose to NAD+

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13
Q

Is glucose broken down quickly or slowly in cellular respiration

A

Slowly and Step-like

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14
Q

What is Dehydrogenases enzyme

A

used by NAD+ to trap electrons from glucose and the other organic molecules in food

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15
Q

What is the Electron Transport Chain

A

A series of molecules embedded in a membrane that transfer electrons in a stepwise manner.

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16
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain

A

Oxygen

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17
Q

Flow of Electrons from glucose to oxygen in cellular respiration

A

Glucose → NADH → Electron Transport Chain → Oxygen

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18
Q

What is Glycolysis

A

initial breakdown of glucose in the cytosol, producing pyruvate.

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19
Q

After Glycolysis, what happens to the Pyruvate

A

Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and oxidized to acetyl-CoA.

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20
Q

What is the Citric Acid

A

Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, where it is further oxidized to CO2, and electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2.

21
Q

Following the Electron Transfer Change, how is the energy used to create ATP

A

The energy released from electron transport is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis.

22
Q

Describe how Glucose moves through in Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose → Glycolysis → Pyruvate → Pyruvate Oxidation → Acetyl-CoA → Citric Acid Cycle → Electron Transport Chain → Oxygen

23
Q

Net yield of Glycolysis

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

24
Q

Is glycolysis performed in Aerobic or Anaerobic conditions

A

Both

25
Q

What are the different Paths ATP is created based on if conditions are Aerobic or Anaerobic

A

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria for further oxidation. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to regenerate NAD+.

26
Q

Both Glycolysis and The Citric Acid Cycle use what process to create ATP

A

substrate-level phosphorylation.

27
Q

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

by utilizing a series of oxidation-reduction reactions within the mitochondria, where electrons are transferred along an electron transport chain, ultimately creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through a process called chemiosmosis

28
Q

What is Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

a metabolic process where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced by directly transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy intermediate molecule (the “substrate”) to ADP (adenosine diphosphate

29
Q

What are Cytochromes

A

Iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons through the electron transport chain.

30
Q

What is Ubiquinone

A

A mobile electron carrier that accepts electrons in the Electron Transport Chain

31
Q

Following the Electron Transport Chain what happens to Synthesize ATP

A

Electron Transport Chain → Proton Pumping → Proton Gradient → ATP Synthesis

32
Q

What enzyme synthesizes ATP

A

ATP synthase

33
Q

What is Chemiosmosis

A

The process of using a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

34
Q

How much ATP is created from the Oxidation of 1 Glucose molecule

A

32

35
Q

What process regenerates NAD+ in Anaerobic conditions

A

Fermentation

36
Q

2 types of fermentation

A

Lactic Acid and Alcohol Fermentation

37
Q

What is created in Alcohol Fermentation

A

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2.

38
Q

What is created in lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate

39
Q

How is Lactic Acid Fermentation used in the human body

A

Muscle Cells, mostly during intense exercise, produce lactate, which can be transfered to other Tissues, like the Liver, where it can be converted back to glucose through the Cori Cycle

40
Q

What are Organisms that can only survive in the absence of oxygen.

A

Obligate Anaerobes

41
Q

What are Organisms that can survive in both the presence and absence of oxygen.

A

Facultative Anaerobes

42
Q

Where does Glycolysis Occur

A

Cytosol

43
Q

What are proteins broken down into

A

Amino Acids

44
Q

What are Fats broken down into

A

Glycerol and Fatty ACids

45
Q

What is Glycerol broken down into

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

46
Q

What is Fatty ACid Metabolism also called

A

Beta-Oxidation

47
Q

What are Fatty Acids broken down into

A

Fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon units (acetyl-CoA), which enter the citric acid cycle.

48
Q

Fat oxidation yields _____ATP per gram compared to carbohydrate oxidation

A

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Biology (16 decks)

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