Campbell Chapter 9 Flashcards
How does Energy enter an ecosystem
Sunlight
What is Cellular Respiration
Cells harvest energy from organic molecules, primarily glucose
What are the byproducts of Cellular Respiration
Carbon Dioxide and Water
How is the ATP recycling process an example of Energy Coupling
Energy released from breakdown of glucose is used to synthesize ATP
What is Oxidation
Loss of electrons
What is Reduction
Gain of Electrons
What is a redox reaction
transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another.
When electrons move from a ____ electronegative atom to a ____electronegative atom, ____________ .
Less, More, Energy is released
Where do Carbohydrates and Fats store their energy
in their C-H bonds
What is the Key Electron carrier in Cellular Respiration
NAD+
What does NAD+ turn into after cellular respiration
NADH
What is the Redox Reaction that creates the energy that is used to synthesize ATP
transfer of electrons from glucose to NAD+
Is glucose broken down quickly or slowly in cellular respiration
Slowly and Step-like
What is Dehydrogenases enzyme
used by NAD+ to trap electrons from glucose and the other organic molecules in food
What is the Electron Transport Chain
A series of molecules embedded in a membrane that transfer electrons in a stepwise manner.
What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain
Oxygen
Flow of Electrons from glucose to oxygen in cellular respiration
Glucose → NADH → Electron Transport Chain → Oxygen
What is Glycolysis
initial breakdown of glucose in the cytosol, producing pyruvate.
After Glycolysis, what happens to the Pyruvate
Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and oxidized to acetyl-CoA.
What is the Citric Acid
Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, where it is further oxidized to CO2, and electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2.
Following the Electron Transfer Change, how is the energy used to create ATP
The energy released from electron transport is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis.
Describe how Glucose moves through in Cellular Respiration
Glucose → Glycolysis → Pyruvate → Pyruvate Oxidation → Acetyl-CoA → Citric Acid Cycle → Electron Transport Chain → Oxygen
Net yield of Glycolysis
2 ATP and 2 NADH
Is glycolysis performed in Aerobic or Anaerobic conditions
Both
What are the different Paths ATP is created based on if conditions are Aerobic or Anaerobic
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria for further oxidation. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to regenerate NAD+.
Both Glycolysis and The Citric Acid Cycle use what process to create ATP
substrate-level phosphorylation.
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation
by utilizing a series of oxidation-reduction reactions within the mitochondria, where electrons are transferred along an electron transport chain, ultimately creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through a process called chemiosmosis
What is Substrate-level phosphorylation
a metabolic process where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced by directly transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy intermediate molecule (the “substrate”) to ADP (adenosine diphosphate
What are Cytochromes
Iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons through the electron transport chain.
What is Ubiquinone
A mobile electron carrier that accepts electrons in the Electron Transport Chain
Following the Electron Transport Chain what happens to Synthesize ATP
Electron Transport Chain → Proton Pumping → Proton Gradient → ATP Synthesis
What enzyme synthesizes ATP
ATP synthase
What is Chemiosmosis
The process of using a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.
How much ATP is created from the Oxidation of 1 Glucose molecule
32
What process regenerates NAD+ in Anaerobic conditions
Fermentation
2 types of fermentation
Lactic Acid and Alcohol Fermentation
What is created in Alcohol Fermentation
Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2.
What is created in lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
How is Lactic Acid Fermentation used in the human body
Muscle Cells, mostly during intense exercise, produce lactate, which can be transfered to other Tissues, like the Liver, where it can be converted back to glucose through the Cori Cycle
What are Organisms that can only survive in the absence of oxygen.
Obligate Anaerobes
What are Organisms that can survive in both the presence and absence of oxygen.
Facultative Anaerobes
Where does Glycolysis Occur
Cytosol
What are proteins broken down into
Amino Acids
What are Fats broken down into
Glycerol and Fatty ACids
What is Glycerol broken down into
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
What is Fatty ACid Metabolism also called
Beta-Oxidation
What are Fatty Acids broken down into
Fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon units (acetyl-CoA), which enter the citric acid cycle.
Fat oxidation yields _____ATP per gram compared to carbohydrate oxidation
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