Campbell Chapter 9

Question 1

How does Energy enter an ecosystem

Answer 1

Sunlight

Question 2

What is Cellular Respiration

Answer 2

Cells harvest energy from organic molecules, primarily glucose

Question 3

What are the byproducts of Cellular Respiration

Answer 3

Carbon Dioxide and Water

Question 4

How is the ATP recycling process an example of Energy Coupling

Answer 4

Energy released from breakdown of glucose is used to synthesize ATP

Question 5

What is Oxidation

Answer 5

Loss of electrons

Question 6

What is Reduction

Answer 6

Gain of Electrons

Question 7

What is a redox reaction

Answer 7

transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another.

Question 8

When electrons move from a ____ electronegative atom to a ____electronegative atom, ____________ .

Answer 8

Less, More, Energy is released

Question 9

Where do Carbohydrates and Fats store their energy

Answer 9

in their C-H bonds

Question 10

What is the Key Electron carrier in Cellular Respiration

Answer 10

NAD+

Question 11

What does NAD+ turn into after cellular respiration

Answer 11

NADH

Question 12

What is the Redox Reaction that creates the energy that is used to synthesize ATP

Answer 12

transfer of electrons from glucose to NAD+

Question 13

Is glucose broken down quickly or slowly in cellular respiration

Answer 13

Slowly and Step-like

Question 14

What is Dehydrogenases enzyme

Answer 14

used by NAD+ to trap electrons from glucose and the other organic molecules in food

Question 15

What is the Electron Transport Chain

Answer 15

A series of molecules embedded in a membrane that transfer electrons in a stepwise manner.

Question 16

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain

Answer 16

Oxygen

Question 17

Flow of Electrons from glucose to oxygen in cellular respiration

Answer 17

Glucose → NADH → Electron Transport Chain → Oxygen

Question 18

What is Glycolysis

Answer 18

initial breakdown of glucose in the cytosol, producing pyruvate.

Question 19

After Glycolysis, what happens to the Pyruvate

Answer 19

Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and oxidized to acetyl-CoA.

Question 20

What is the Citric Acid

Answer 20

Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, where it is further oxidized to CO2, and electrons are transferred to NADH and FADH2.

Question 21

Following the Electron Transfer Change, how is the energy used to create ATP

Answer 21

The energy released from electron transport is used to pump protons across the mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis.

Question 22

Describe how Glucose moves through in Cellular Respiration

Answer 22

Glucose → Glycolysis → Pyruvate → Pyruvate Oxidation → Acetyl-CoA → Citric Acid Cycle → Electron Transport Chain → Oxygen

Question 23

Net yield of Glycolysis

Answer 23

2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 24

Is glycolysis performed in Aerobic or Anaerobic conditions

Answer 24

Both

Question 25

What are the different Paths ATP is created based on if conditions are Aerobic or Anaerobic

Answer 25

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria for further oxidation. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation to regenerate NAD+.

Question 26

Both Glycolysis and The Citric Acid Cycle use what process to create ATP

Answer 26

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 27

What is Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 27

by utilizing a series of oxidation-reduction reactions within the mitochondria, where electrons are transferred along an electron transport chain, ultimately creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through a process called chemiosmosis

Question 28

What is Substrate-level phosphorylation

Answer 28

a metabolic process where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is produced by directly transferring a phosphate group from a high-energy intermediate molecule (the "substrate") to ADP (adenosine diphosphate

Question 29

What are Cytochromes

Answer 29

Iron-containing proteins that transfer electrons through the electron transport chain.

Question 30

What is Ubiquinone

Answer 30

A mobile electron carrier that accepts electrons in the Electron Transport Chain

Question 31

Following the Electron Transport Chain what happens to Synthesize ATP

Answer 31

Electron Transport Chain → Proton Pumping → Proton Gradient → ATP Synthesis

Question 32

What enzyme synthesizes ATP

Answer 32

ATP synthase

Question 33

What is Chemiosmosis

Answer 33

The process of using a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis.

Question 34

How much ATP is created from the Oxidation of 1 Glucose molecule

Answer 34

32

Question 35

What process regenerates NAD+ in Anaerobic conditions

Answer 35

Fermentation

Question 36

2 types of fermentation

Answer 36

Lactic Acid and Alcohol Fermentation

Question 37

What is created in Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 37

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2.  

Question 38

What is created in lactic acid fermentation

Answer 38

Pyruvate is reduced to lactate

Question 39

How is Lactic Acid Fermentation used in the human body

Answer 39

Muscle Cells, mostly during intense exercise, produce lactate, which can be transfered to other Tissues, like the Liver, where it can be converted back to glucose through the Cori Cycle

Question 40

What are Organisms that can only survive in the absence of oxygen.

Answer 40

Obligate Anaerobes

Question 41

What are Organisms that can survive in both the presence and absence of oxygen.

Answer 41

Facultative Anaerobes

Question 42

Where does Glycolysis Occur

Answer 42

Cytosol

Question 43

What are proteins broken down into

Answer 43

Amino Acids

Question 44

What are Fats broken down into

Answer 44

Glycerol and Fatty ACids

Question 45

What is Glycerol broken down into

Answer 45

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Question 46

What is Fatty ACid Metabolism also called

Answer 46

Beta-Oxidation

Question 47

What are Fatty Acids broken down into

Answer 47

Fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon units (acetyl-CoA), which enter the citric acid cycle.

Question 48

Fat oxidation yields _____ATP per gram compared to carbohydrate oxidation

Answer 48

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