Campbell Chapter 6 Flashcards
Do all cells have Ribosomes
Yes
Do all cells have chromosomes
Yes
Where is DNA in a eukaryotic cell found
Nucleus
The nucleus is bounded by a
Double Membrane
Where is DNA in the prokaryotic cell found
A location that is not membrane-closed called the nucleoid
region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
Cell size is limited by
cellular metabolism
Smallest known cell
bacteria called mycoplasmas
What is the Nuclear Envelope
Double Membrane that surrounds the nucleus
What is the Nuclear Lamina
a protein network located directly beneath the inner nuclear membrane of a cell, acting as a structural support for the nucleus by providing mechanical stability and serving as a platform for various cellular processes
What is a nuclear pore
small channels embedded within the nuclear envelope of a cell, acting as gateways that allow for the selective transport of molecules like proteins and RNA between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
What is the Chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins that forms the chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell
What is the Nucleolus
a small, dense structure located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and ribosomal subunits are assembled, essentially acting as the cell’s “ribosome factory”
What are ribosomal RNAs
a type of RNA molecule that serves as a key structural component of the ribosome
What are ribosomes made of
rRNAs and Proteins
What do Ribosomes do
Protein Synthesis
Where can Ribosomes be found
Floating in the Cytoplasm or Attached to the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Nuclear Envelope
Ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm are called
Free Ribosomes
Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope are called
Bound Ribosomes
What is the Endomembrane System
membrane bound organelles that do a variety of tasks in the cell including synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons
What organelles are part of the Endomembrane System
nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles
and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane
The organelles part of the Endomembrane System are all related how
related either through direct physical continuity or by the
transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicles
What are Vesicles
small, membrane-bound sacs that function as containers to transport materials within the cell
What is the Lumen of the ER
the fluid-filled space enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What are Cisternae in the ER
flattened, sac-like membrane structures that form the network of the ER
The ER membrane is _____ with the Nuclear Envelope
Continuous
What 2 parts is the Endoplasmic Reticulum Divided into
Smooth and Rough ER
Difference Between Smooth and Rough ER
Rough ER has ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane while the Smooth ER doesnt
What are the functions of the Smooth ER
synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of
drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.
Functions of Rough ER
Synthesize and Process Proteins, membrane production
What are Secretory Proteins
Proteins Synthesized in the Rough ER
Secretory Proteins are usually what type of protein
Glycoproteins, Proteins with Carbohydrates Covalently Bonded to them
What are Transport Vesicles
membrane-bound sacs that move materials between organelles or regions of the same organelle within a cell
What do Transport Vesicles in the ER do
Take portions of the Membrane and newly synthesized proteins from the ER lumen to other organelles
What does the Golgi Apparatus do
transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid
What do Cisternae do in Golgi Apparatus
the flattened, stacked, membrane-bound sacs that make up the main structure of the organelle, responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport within the cell
What are the 2 different sides of the Golgi Apparatus called
Cis and Trans faces
the Cis face of the Golgi Apparatus does what
Receives proteins and lipids from the ER
the Trans face of the Golgi Apparatus does what
sorting and packaging modified proteins and lipids into vesicles that are then transported to their final destinations within the cell
What is a Lysosome
a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes that are used to digest macromolecules
What is Phagocytosis
the process in which Amoebas and many other unicellular protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles,
What is Autophagy
Lysosomes also use their enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material
What are Vacuoles
large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi apparatus
How are food Vesicles formed
Phagocytosis
Function of Mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration
What is Cellular respiration
metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of
ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.
Function of Chloroplast
found in plants and algae, are the sites of
photosynthesis
What is the Endosymbiont Theory
suggests that some organelles in eukaryotic cells, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once prokaryotic microbes that were ingested by larger cells.
How many membranes enclose the Mitochondria
2
What are thylakoids
flattened, interconnected sacs in the Chloroplast
What is a Granum
Stacked Thylakoids
There is a fluid outside of the Thylakoids called
Stroma
The membranes of the Chloroplast Divide it into 3 regions each named what,
Intermembrane Space, Stroma, and thylakoid space
Membranes of Mitochondria split it into 2 regions each named what,
Mitochondrial Matrix and Intermembrane Space
What are Cristae in Mitochondria
the folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
What family of plant organelles is the Chloroplast in
plastids
What is the Peroxisome
specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane that contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen (O2), producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product
What is the Cytoskeleton
network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, maintains the shape and internal organization of the cell, and provides it mechanical support
What are the 3 types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton
Microtubules, microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments
What are microtubules
a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures.
Where are Microtubules grown out from in animal cells
Centrosome
Within the Centrosome is a pair of _________
Centrioles
Both Cilia and Flagella are made up of
Microtubules
What are Microfilaments
thin solid rods
What molecules build up microfilaments
Actin
Role of Microtubules
Compression resisting
Role of Microfilaments
bear tension
What is the Cortex
semisolid outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell
The diameter of Intermediate filaments are what compared to microfilaments and microtubules
In the middle, smaller than microtubules but larger than microfilaments
Role of Intermediate Filaments
Bearing Tension
in which cells do Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments exist
microfilaments and microtubules exist in all eukaryotic cells while intermediate filaments exist in only a few
Intermediate filaments are more ___________
of cells than are microfilaments and microtubules
permanent fixtures of cells
Use of Cell wall in plant cells
protects plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
What type of cell formation is the cell wall
extracellular structure
What is an Extracellular Structure
most cells synthesize and secrete materials to the outside of the cell, thus being extracellular
What is the cell wall made of
Microfibrils embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins
What are microfibrils
Strong fibers made up of Polysaccharide cellulose
Layers of cell wall,
Primary Cell wall, Middle Lamella, and Secondary Cell Wall
What is Primary cell wall
The plant’s first secreted layer of thin and flexible cell wall.
What is the Middle Lamella
thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins. This pectin glues adjacent cells together
What is Secondary Cell Wall
Secondary layer of cell wall that is usually in several layers with a strong and durable matrix that supports and protects the cell.
The plant has a cell wall, while animal cells have
an extracellular matrix
What is the Extracellular Matrix made up of
Glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules
Most abundant Glycoprotein in Extracellular Matrix
Collagen
What is fibronectin
Glycoproteins that attach the extracellular matrix to the cell
What are Integrins
the structure that Fibronectins and other Extracellular matrix bind to on the cell
Use of Integrins
transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell.
What is a plasmodesmata
Channels that connect plant cells through the cell wall.
