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Campbell Chapter 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Do all cells have Ribosomes

A

Yes

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2
Q

Do all cells have chromosomes

A

Yes

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3
Q

Where is DNA in a eukaryotic cell found

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

The nucleus is bounded by a

A

Double Membrane

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5
Q

Where is DNA in the prokaryotic cell found

A

A location that is not membrane-closed called the nucleoid

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6
Q

region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

Cell size is limited by

A

cellular metabolism

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8
Q

Smallest known cell

A

bacteria called mycoplasmas

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9
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope

A

Double Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

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10
Q

What is the Nuclear Lamina

A

a protein network located directly beneath the inner nuclear membrane of a cell, acting as a structural support for the nucleus by providing mechanical stability and serving as a platform for various cellular processes

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11
Q

What is a nuclear pore

A

small channels embedded within the nuclear envelope of a cell, acting as gateways that allow for the selective transport of molecules like proteins and RNA between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the Chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins that forms the chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell

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13
Q

What is the Nucleolus

A

a small, dense structure located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and ribosomal subunits are assembled, essentially acting as the cell’s “ribosome factory”

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14
Q

What are ribosomal RNAs

A

a type of RNA molecule that serves as a key structural component of the ribosome

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15
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

rRNAs and Proteins

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16
Q

What do Ribosomes do

A

Protein Synthesis

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17
Q

Where can Ribosomes be found

A

Floating in the Cytoplasm or Attached to the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Nuclear Envelope

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18
Q

Ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm are called

A

Free Ribosomes

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19
Q

Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope are called

A

Bound Ribosomes

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20
Q

What is the Endomembrane System

A

membrane bound organelles that do a variety of tasks in the cell including synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons

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21
Q

What organelles are part of the Endomembrane System

A

nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles
and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

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22
Q

The organelles part of the Endomembrane System are all related how

A

related either through direct physical continuity or by the
transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicles

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23
Q

What are Vesicles

A

small, membrane-bound sacs that function as containers to transport materials within the cell

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24
Q

What is the Lumen of the ER

A

the fluid-filled space enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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25
Q

What are Cisternae in the ER

A

flattened, sac-like membrane structures that form the network of the ER

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26
Q

The ER membrane is _____ with the Nuclear Envelope

A

Continuous

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27
Q

What 2 parts is the Endoplasmic Reticulum Divided into

A

Smooth and Rough ER

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28
Q

Difference Between Smooth and Rough ER

A

Rough ER has ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane while the Smooth ER doesnt

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29
Q

What are the functions of the Smooth ER

A

synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of
drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

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30
Q

Functions of Rough ER

A

Synthesize and Process Proteins, membrane production

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31
Q

What are Secretory Proteins

A

Proteins Synthesized in the Rough ER

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32
Q

Secretory Proteins are usually what type of protein

A

Glycoproteins, Proteins with Carbohydrates Covalently Bonded to them

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33
Q

What are Transport Vesicles

A

membrane-bound sacs that move materials between organelles or regions of the same organelle within a cell

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34
Q

What do Transport Vesicles in the ER do

A

Take portions of the Membrane and newly synthesized proteins from the ER lumen to other organelles

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35
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do

A

transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid

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36
Q

What do Cisternae do in Golgi Apparatus

A

the flattened, stacked, membrane-bound sacs that make up the main structure of the organelle, responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport within the cell

37
Q

What are the 2 different sides of the Golgi Apparatus called

A

Cis and Trans faces

38
Q

the Cis face of the Golgi Apparatus does what

A

Receives proteins and lipids from the ER

39
Q

the Trans face of the Golgi Apparatus does what

A

sorting and packaging modified proteins and lipids into vesicles that are then transported to their final destinations within the cell

40
Q

What is a Lysosome

A

a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes that are used to digest macromolecules

41
Q

What is Phagocytosis

A

the process in which Amoebas and many other unicellular protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles,

42
Q

What is Autophagy

A

Lysosomes also use their enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material

43
Q

What are Vacuoles

A

large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic
reticulum and Golgi apparatus

44
Q

How are food Vesicles formed

A

Phagocytosis

45
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration

46
Q

What is Cellular respiration

A

metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of
ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.

47
Q

Function of Chloroplast

A

found in plants and algae, are the sites of
photosynthesis

48
Q

What is the Endosymbiont Theory

A

suggests that some organelles in eukaryotic cells, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once prokaryotic microbes that were ingested by larger cells.

49
Q

How many membranes enclose the Mitochondria

A

2

50
Q

What are thylakoids

A

flattened, interconnected sacs in the Chloroplast

51
Q

What is a Granum

A

Stacked Thylakoids

52
Q

There is a fluid outside of the Thylakoids called

A

Stroma

53
Q

The membranes of the Chloroplast Divide it into 3 regions each named what,

A

Intermembrane Space, Stroma, and thylakoid space

54
Q

Membranes of Mitochondria split it into 2 regions each named what,

A

Mitochondrial Matrix and Intermembrane Space

55
Q

What are Cristae in Mitochondria

A

the folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

56
Q

What family of plant organelles is the Chloroplast in

A

plastids

57
Q

What is the Peroxisome

A

specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane that contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen (O2), producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product

58
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton

A

network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, maintains the shape and internal organization of the cell, and provides it mechanical support

59
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments

60
Q

What are microtubules

A

a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures.

61
Q

Where are Microtubules grown out from in animal cells

A

Centrosome

62
Q

Within the Centrosome is a pair of _________

A

Centrioles

63
Q

Both Cilia and Flagella are made up of

A

Microtubules

64
Q

What are Microfilaments

A

thin solid rods

65
Q

What molecules build up microfilaments

A

Actin

66
Q

Role of Microtubules

A

Compression resisting

67
Q

Role of Microfilaments

A

bear tension

68
Q

What is the Cortex

A

semisolid outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell

69
Q

The diameter of Intermediate filaments are what compared to microfilaments and microtubules

A

In the middle, smaller than microtubules but larger than microfilaments

70
Q

Role of Intermediate Filaments

A

Bearing Tension

71
Q

in which cells do Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments exist

A

microfilaments and microtubules exist in all eukaryotic cells while intermediate filaments exist in only a few

72
Q

Intermediate filaments are more ___________
of cells than are microfilaments and microtubules

A

permanent fixtures of cells

73
Q

Use of Cell wall in plant cells

A

protects plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

74
Q

What type of cell formation is the cell wall

A

extracellular structure

75
Q

What is an Extracellular Structure

A

most cells synthesize and secrete materials to the outside of the cell, thus being extracellular

76
Q

What is the cell wall made of

A

Microfibrils embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins

77
Q

What are microfibrils

A

Strong fibers made up of Polysaccharide cellulose

78
Q

Layers of cell wall,

A

Primary Cell wall, Middle Lamella, and Secondary Cell Wall

79
Q

What is Primary cell wall

A

The plant’s first secreted layer of thin and flexible cell wall.

80
Q

What is the Middle Lamella

A

thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins. This pectin glues adjacent cells together

81
Q

What is Secondary Cell Wall

A

Secondary layer of cell wall that is usually in several layers with a strong and durable matrix that supports and protects the cell.

82
Q

The plant has a cell wall, while animal cells have

A

an extracellular matrix

83
Q

What is the Extracellular Matrix made up of

A

Glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules

84
Q

Most abundant Glycoprotein in Extracellular Matrix

A

Collagen

85
Q

What is fibronectin

A

Glycoproteins that attach the extracellular matrix to the cell

86
Q

What are Integrins

A

the structure that Fibronectins and other Extracellular matrix bind to on the cell

87
Q

Use of Integrins

A

transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell.

88
Q

What is a plasmodesmata

A

Channels that connect plant cells through the cell wall.

Biology (10 decks)

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