Campbell Biology, Chapter 8

Question 1

What is the Metabolism

Answer 1

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

Question 2

What are Catabolic Pathways

Answer 2

Metabolic Pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler molecules

Question 3

What is a metabolic pathway

Answer 3

a specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.

Question 4

What are Anabolic Pathways

Answer 4

consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones

Question 5

What is Energy

Answer 5

energy is the ability
to rearrange a collection of matter

Question 6

What is Kinetic Energy

Answer 6

relative motion of objects

Question 7

What is Thermal Energy

Answer 7

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

Question 8

What is Potential Energy

Answer 8

energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.

Question 9

What is the First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 9

Energy can be transferred
and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Question 10

What is Thermodynamics

Answer 10

study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

Question 11

What is Entropy

Answer 11

measure of molecular disorder, or randomness

Question 12

What is the Second Law of thermodynamics

Answer 12

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of
the universe.

Question 13

What are Spontaneous Processes

Answer 13

if a given process, by itself, leads to
an increase in entropy, that process can proceed without
requiring an input of energy

Question 14

What is Free Energy

Answer 14

portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system,

Question 15

What are the 2 classifications of a chemical reaction

Answer 15

exergonic or endergonic

Question 16

What is an Exergonic Chemical Reaction

Answer 16

energy outward

Question 17

What is Endergonic chemical reaction

Answer 17

energy inward

Question 18

What is energy coupling

Answer 18

the use of an
exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

Question 19

How is energy made with ATP

Answer 19

Hydrolysis reaction in phosphate groups lead to products of ADP and inorganic Phosphate

Question 20

What do enzymes do

Answer 20

Lower activation energy for a reaction to occur

Question 21

What are chemical reactions in a simple explanation

Answer 21

breaking and forming of bonds

Question 22

What is needed for a reaction to occur

Answer 22

reactant molecules must absorb energy to reach a high-energy, unstable state

Question 23

What happens after a reaction

Answer 23

Once the reaction proceeds and new bonds form, energy is released, and the molecules return to a more stable, lower-energy state.

Question 24

Role of Heat on chemical bonds

Answer 24

Heat increases the kinetic energy of molecules, leading to more frequent and forceful collisions, making it easier for bonds to break.

Question 25

Are Complex Molecules stable or unstable

Answer 25

Complex molecules like proteins and DNA are inherently unstable and tend to break down spontaneously.

Question 26

What is a substrate

Answer 26

The specific substance on which an enzyme acts.

Question 27

Enzymes usually end in

Answer 27

-ase

Question 28

Why do enzymes only bind to specific substrates

Answer 28

The 3 dimensional active site of an enzyme is a region with a specific shape and chemical properties that complements the shape and chemical properties of its substrate.

Question 29

Can enzymes change shape

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

What is Induced fit in an enzyme

Answer 30

tightening of the binding after initial contact

Question 31

How do enzymes bind to their substrates

Answer 31

weak interactions like hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds.

Question 32

What catalyzes the conversion of substrate to product in an enzyme

Answer 32

The amino acid side chains within the active site catalyze the conversion of the substrate into product(s).

Question 33

Are most enzyme-catalyzed reactions reversible

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

How does an enzyme become saturated

Answer 34

When all active sites are in use

Question 35

Relation between temperature and enzymes

Answer 35

Enzymes have a specific temperature where they work the best and higher temperatures lead to more collisions among enzymes and substrates, increasing the amount of reactions catalyzed

Question 36

What are cofactors in enzymes

Answer 36

Non-protein molecules that assist enzymes in their catalytic activity

Question 37

What are Coenzymes in Enzymes

Answer 37

Organic molecules that act as cofactors. Many vitamins are essential for coenzyme synthesis.

Question 38

What is enzyme inhabition

Answer 38

molecule binds to an enzyme and reduces its activity

Question 39

What are the 2 main ways enzyme inhibition can occur

Answer 39

Reversable and Irreversible

Question 40

2 Ways reversable enzyme inhibition can occur

Answer 40

Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition

Question 41

What is Competitive inhibition

Answer 41

The inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site. I

Question 42

What is Noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 42

The inhibitor binds to a site other than the active site, changing the enzyme's shape and reducing its activity.

Question 43

How does irreversible inhibition occur

Answer 43

The inhibitor binds tightly to the enzyme, often forming a covalent bond, permanently inactivating it.

Question 44

What is Allosteric regulation

Answer 44

mechanism by which the activity of an enzyme is controlled by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a site other than the active site.

Question 45

What is Feedback Inhibition

Answer 45

ensures efficient resource allocation and prevents overproduction of metabolic products