Campbell Biology Chap 13 Flashcards
What transmits genes from Parents to offspring
Gametes(Sperm and Egg cells)
What is Asexual Reproduction
single parent passing copies of its genes to offspring without gamete fusion.
What is Mitosis
mitotic cell division for offspring production in Asexual Reproduction
The genes from Parents to Offspring in Asexual Reproduction are usually
Offspring are typically genetically identical to the parent
How is genetic variation created in Asexual reproduction
Mutations
How many chromosomes in a body cell of a human
46
What are Somatic Cells
Body cells
Human Somatic cells have pairs of chromosomes where both chromosomes are what
homologous chromosomes, which are identical in size, centromere position, and staining pattern, which carry genes controlling the same inherited traits.
What are diploid cells
Cells that contain two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent).
Are human cells diploid or haploid
Diploid
What are Haploid cells
Cells that have a single set of chromosomes
Are Gametes Diploid or Haploid
Haploid
What does the fusion of the egg and sperm cell create
Zygote
How are all Somatic Cells formed
They are formed from mitosis of the Zygote
What is Meiosis
A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid. Meiosis produces Gametes
How does meiosis work
Meiosis involves the separation of homologous chromosomes, forming 4 daughter cells each with half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell
What happens in Prophase 1 Step of Meiosis
Chromosomes condense, Homologous chromosomes pair, Crossing over, Nuclear envelope breaks down
What does Crossing over do in meiosis
Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA, increasing genetic variation.
What occurs when chromosomes condense in Meiosis
Chromatin fibers coil and become visible as distinct chromosomes.
What happens in Metaphase 1 Step of Meiosis
Tetrads (pairs of homologous chromosomes) line up randomly along the equator of the cell. This random alignment contributes to genetic variation
What are Tetrads
Pairs of Homologous Chromosomes
What happens in Anaphase 1 Step of Meiosis
Homologous chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids) are pulled apart by spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell.
What occurs in Telophase I and Cytokinesis Step of Meiosis
Chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, New nuclear envelopes may form around each set of chromosomes, The cell divides, forming two haploid daughter cells.
What steps of Meiosis are in Meiosis 1
Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1
What happens in Prophase 2 of meiosis
Chromosomes condense again, The nuclear envelope disintegrates, Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid.
What happens in Metaphase 2 of Meiosis
Individual chromosomes (each consisting of two sister chromatids) line up along the equator of the cell.
What happens in Anaphase 2 of Meiosis
Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart by spindle fibers towards opposite poles of the cell.
What happens in Telophase 2 of Meiosis
Chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, New nuclear envelopes form around each set of chromosomes, The cells divide, resulting in four haploid daughter cells (gametes)
Which Steps are Part of Meiosis 2
Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
