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Biology > Campbell Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Campbell Chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a Macromolecule

A

Large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

What is a polymer

A

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

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3
Q

What is a monomer

A

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

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4
Q

What are enzymes

A

specialized macromolecules(usually a protein) that speed up chemical reactions

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5
Q

What is a Condensation Reaction

A

The reaction that covalently bonds a monomer to another monomer or a polymer with the loss of a small molecule

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6
Q

If a condensation reaction results in a loss of water, what is the reaction called

A

Dehydration reaction

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7
Q

Simplest Carbohydrates are

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

What are Disaccharides

A

doubles sugars, consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

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9
Q

Monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit

A

CH2O

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10
Q

The most common Monosaccharide is

A

Glucose

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11
Q

Glucose is

A

C6H12O6, Aldose

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12
Q

Fructose is a

A

Isomer of Glucose, Ketose

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13
Q

Sugars that have 6 carbons are called

A

Hexoses

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14
Q

Sugars that have 3 Carbons are called

A

Trioses

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15
Q

Sugars that have 5 carbons are called

A

Pentoses

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16
Q

What is Cellular Respiration

A

cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions

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17
Q

What is a Disaccharide

A

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction)

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18
Q

The most prevalent disaccharide is

A

Sucrose(table sugar)

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19
Q

What are glycosidic linkages

A

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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20
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

macromolecule consisting of few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

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21
Q

Both plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of

A

Storage Polysaccharides

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22
Q

What storage Polysaccharide is used by plants

A

Starch

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23
Q

Storage Polysaccharide used by Animals

A

Glycogen

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24
Q

What is Cellulose

A

major component of tough walls that enclose plant cells formed of structural polysaccharides

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25
Q

If cellulose is eaten by Humans, what happens

A

We cannot digest it

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26
Q

What is Chitin

A

structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons and fungi to produce cellulose

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27
Q

Lipids are grouped together because they share the trait of being

A

Hydrophobic

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28
Q

Most biologically important lipids

A

Fats, Phospholipids, steroids

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29
Q

What makes up fats

A

a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids

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30
Q

What is glycerol

A

an alcohol

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31
Q

Lipids are not true

A

Polymers

32
Q

How is Glycerol and fatty acids joined together to form fats

A

dehydration reactions

33
Q

What is an Ester Linkage

A

a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

34
Q

Fats are also called

A

Triglyceride, Triacylglycerol

35
Q

What are Saturated fats

A

Fats saturated with Hydrogen as there are no double bonds between carbons, allowing for as much hydrogen to bond to the carbon as possible

36
Q

What are unsaturated fats

A

Fats with 1 or more double bonds between carbons, causing the structure to bend at that location

37
Q

Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature

A

Solid

38
Q

Unsaturated Fats are _______ at room temperatures

A

Liquid

39
Q

What are trans fats

A

hydrogenating vegetable oils produces not only saturated
fats but also unsaturated fats with trans double bonds. These unsaturated fats are called trans fats

40
Q

Major function of fats

A

Energy Storage

41
Q

Phospholipids are major constitutes of

A

Cell membranes

42
Q

Difference in makeup of fats and phospholipids

A

Phospholipids have 2 fatty acids connected to a glycerol rather than 3

43
Q

Tails and heads of phospholipids are different how

A

Tails are hydrophobic, heads are hydrophillic

44
Q

phospholipids typically turn into a

A

Bi-layer

45
Q

What is the defining property of the Phospholipid Bi-layer

A

forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment and establishes separate compartments within eukaryotic cells

46
Q

What is structure of Steroids

A

carbon skeletons consisting of four fused rings

47
Q

What are Enzymes

A

Proteins that regulate metabolism, acting as a catalyst. Speeds up chemical Reactions

48
Q

Bond between Amino Acids is called

A

Peptide bond

49
Q

Polymer of Amino Acids is called

A

Polypeptide

50
Q

Peptide Bond requires a _______ reaction to bond two amino acids

A

dehydration

51
Q

Function of Proteins is determined by what

A

3-d Structure

52
Q

What is Primary Structure of Protein

A

its sequence of amino
acids

53
Q

how many different amino acids in total

A

20

54
Q

What is Secondary Structure of Protein

A

The Coils and Folds of amino acids that contribute to overall shape of the protein

55
Q

What are the 2 secondary structures

A

alpha helix and beta sheet

56
Q

What is the tertiary structure of protein

A

determines its final three-dimensional shape by arranging the secondary structural elements (like alpha helices and beta sheets) in space

57
Q

What is Quaternary structure of protein

A

determines how multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) come together to form a functional protein complex

58
Q

What is Denaturation in a protein

A

When a protein unravels and loses its native shape due to changes in the environment

59
Q

What is a disulfide bridge

A

a covalent bond between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids in a protein which is used in stability and proper folding of proteins

60
Q

Polymers of nucleotides

A

Polynucleotide

61
Q

Makeup of a Nucleotide

A

5-carbon sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate groups

62
Q

What is a Pyrimidine

A

nitrogenous base made up of one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

63
Q

name the members of the Pyrimidine family

A

cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

64
Q

What is a Purine

A

a six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring

65
Q

name the members of the Purine Family

A

Adenine, Guanine

66
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are found in dna

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

67
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

68
Q

The 5-carbon sugar in DNA is

A

deoxyribose

69
Q

The 5-carbon sugar in RNA is

A

Ribose

70
Q

What is a Nucleotide with no phosphate group called

A

Nucleoside

71
Q

What are the set pairings of nucleotides in DNA

A

Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine always pair with Cytosine

72
Q

RNA is typically _____ stranded

A

Single

73
Q

What are the set pairings of Nucleotides in RNA

A

Adenine pairs with Uracil, Guanine pairs with Cytosine

74
Q

What is the semifluid jellylike substance in cells

A

Cytosol

75
Q
A

Biology (10 decks)

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