Campbell Chapter 5

Question 1

What is a Macromolecule

Answer 1

Large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 2

What is a polymer

Answer 2

long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds

Question 3

What is a monomer

Answer 3

The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer

Question 4

What are enzymes

Answer 4

specialized macromolecules(usually a protein) that speed up chemical reactions

Question 5

What is a Condensation Reaction

Answer 5

The reaction that covalently bonds a monomer to another monomer or a polymer with the loss of a small molecule

Question 6

If a condensation reaction results in a loss of water, what is the reaction called

Answer 6

Dehydration reaction

Question 7

Simplest Carbohydrates are

Answer 7

Monosaccharides

Question 8

What are Disaccharides

Answer 8

doubles sugars, consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond

Question 9

Monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit

Answer 9

CH2O

Question 10

The most common Monosaccharide is

Answer 10

Glucose

Question 11

Glucose is

Answer 11

C6H12O6, Aldose

Question 12

Fructose is a

Answer 12

Isomer of Glucose, Ketose

Question 13

Sugars that have 6 carbons are called

Answer 13

Hexoses

Question 14

Sugars that have 3 Carbons are called

Answer 14

Trioses

Question 15

Sugars that have 5 carbons are called

Answer 15

Pentoses

Question 16

What is Cellular Respiration

Answer 16

cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions

Question 17

What is a Disaccharide

Answer 17

two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction)

Question 18

The most prevalent disaccharide is

Answer 18

Sucrose(table sugar)

Question 19

What are glycosidic linkages

Answer 19

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 20

What are polysaccharides

Answer 20

macromolecule consisting of few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages

Question 21

Both plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of

Answer 21

Storage Polysaccharides

Question 22

What storage Polysaccharide is used by plants

Answer 22

Starch

Question 23

Storage Polysaccharide used by Animals

Answer 23

Glycogen

Question 24

What is Cellulose

Answer 24

major component of tough walls that enclose plant cells formed of structural polysaccharides

Question 25

If cellulose is eaten by Humans, what happens

Answer 25

We cannot digest it

Question 26

What is Chitin

Answer 26

structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons and fungi to produce cellulose

Question 27

Lipids are grouped together because they share the trait of being

Answer 27

Hydrophobic

Question 28

Most biologically important lipids

Answer 28

Fats, Phospholipids, steroids

Question 29

What makes up fats

Answer 29

a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids

Question 30

What is glycerol

Answer 30

an alcohol

Question 31

Lipids are not true

Answer 31

Polymers

Question 32

How is Glycerol and fatty acids joined together to form fats

Answer 32

dehydration reactions

Question 33

What is an Ester Linkage

Answer 33

a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

Question 34

Fats are also called

Answer 34

Triglyceride, Triacylglycerol

Question 35

What are Saturated fats

Answer 35

Fats saturated with Hydrogen as there are no double bonds between carbons, allowing for as much hydrogen to bond to the carbon as possible

Question 36

What are unsaturated fats

Answer 36

Fats with 1 or more double bonds between carbons, causing the structure to bend at that location

Question 37

Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature

Answer 37

Solid

Question 38

Unsaturated Fats are _______ at room temperatures

Answer 38

Liquid

Question 39

What are trans fats

Answer 39

hydrogenating vegetable oils produces not only saturated fats but also unsaturated fats with trans double bonds. These unsaturated fats are called trans fats

Question 40

Major function of fats

Answer 40

Energy Storage

Question 41

Phospholipids are major constitutes of

Answer 41

Cell membranes

Question 42

Difference in makeup of fats and phospholipids

Answer 42

Phospholipids have 2 fatty acids connected to a glycerol rather than 3

Question 43

Tails and heads of phospholipids are different how

Answer 43

Tails are hydrophobic, heads are hydrophillic

Question 44

phospholipids typically turn into a

Answer 44

Bi-layer

Question 45

What is the defining property of the Phospholipid Bi-layer

Answer 45

forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment and establishes separate compartments within eukaryotic cells

Question 46

What is structure of Steroids

Answer 46

carbon skeletons consisting of four fused rings

Question 47

What are Enzymes

Answer 47

Proteins that regulate metabolism, acting as a catalyst. Speeds up chemical Reactions

Question 48

Bond between Amino Acids is called

Answer 48

Peptide bond

Question 49

Polymer of Amino Acids is called

Answer 49

Polypeptide

Question 50

Peptide Bond requires a _______ reaction to bond two amino acids

Answer 50

dehydration

Question 51

Function of Proteins is determined by what

Answer 51

3-d Structure

Question 52

What is Primary Structure of Protein

Answer 52

its sequence of amino acids

Question 53

how many different amino acids in total

Answer 53

20

Question 54

What is Secondary Structure of Protein

Answer 54

The Coils and Folds of amino acids that contribute to overall shape of the protein

Question 55

What are the 2 secondary structures

Answer 55

alpha helix and beta sheet

Question 56

What is the tertiary structure of protein

Answer 56

determines its final three-dimensional shape by arranging the secondary structural elements (like alpha helices and beta sheets) in space

Question 57

What is Quaternary structure of protein

Answer 57

determines how multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) come together to form a functional protein complex

Question 58

What is Denaturation in a protein

Answer 58

When a protein unravels and loses its native shape due to changes in the environment

Question 59

What is a disulfide bridge

Answer 59

a covalent bond between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids in a protein which is used in stability and proper folding of proteins

Question 60

Polymers of nucleotides

Answer 60

Polynucleotide

Question 61

Makeup of a Nucleotide

Answer 61

5-carbon sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate groups

Question 62

What is a Pyrimidine

Answer 62

nitrogenous base made up of one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Question 63

name the members of the Pyrimidine family

Answer 63

cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).

Question 64

What is a Purine

Answer 64

a six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring

Question 65

name the members of the Purine Family

Answer 65

Adenine, Guanine

Question 66

Which nitrogenous bases are found in dna

Answer 66

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

Question 67

Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA

Answer 67

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

Question 68

The 5-carbon sugar in DNA is

Answer 68

deoxyribose

Question 69

The 5-carbon sugar in RNA is

Answer 69

Ribose

Question 70

What is a Nucleotide with no phosphate group called

Answer 70

Nucleoside

Question 71

What are the set pairings of nucleotides in DNA

Answer 71

Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine always pair with Cytosine

Question 72

RNA is typically _____ stranded

Answer 72

Single

Question 73

What are the set pairings of Nucleotides in RNA

Answer 73

Adenine pairs with Uracil, Guanine pairs with Cytosine

Question 74

What is the semifluid jellylike substance in cells

Answer 74

Cytosol