Campbell Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is a Macromolecule
Large carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is a polymer
long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
What is a monomer
The repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
What are enzymes
specialized macromolecules(usually a protein) that speed up chemical reactions
What is a Condensation Reaction
The reaction that covalently bonds a monomer to another monomer or a polymer with the loss of a small molecule
If a condensation reaction results in a loss of water, what is the reaction called
Dehydration reaction
Simplest Carbohydrates are
Monosaccharides
What are Disaccharides
doubles sugars, consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
Monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit
CH2O
The most common Monosaccharide is
Glucose
Glucose is
C6H12O6, Aldose
Fructose is a
Isomer of Glucose, Ketose
Sugars that have 6 carbons are called
Hexoses
Sugars that have 3 Carbons are called
Trioses
Sugars that have 5 carbons are called
Pentoses
What is Cellular Respiration
cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions
What is a Disaccharide
two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction)
The most prevalent disaccharide is
Sucrose(table sugar)
What are glycosidic linkages
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
What are polysaccharides
macromolecule consisting of few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Both plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of
Storage Polysaccharides
What storage Polysaccharide is used by plants
Starch
Storage Polysaccharide used by Animals
Glycogen
What is Cellulose
major component of tough walls that enclose plant cells formed of structural polysaccharides
If cellulose is eaten by Humans, what happens
We cannot digest it
What is Chitin
structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons and fungi to produce cellulose
Lipids are grouped together because they share the trait of being
Hydrophobic
Most biologically important lipids
Fats, Phospholipids, steroids
What makes up fats
a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids
What is glycerol
an alcohol
Lipids are not true
Polymers
How is Glycerol and fatty acids joined together to form fats
dehydration reactions
What is an Ester Linkage
a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group
Fats are also called
Triglyceride, Triacylglycerol
What are Saturated fats
Fats saturated with Hydrogen as there are no double bonds between carbons, allowing for as much hydrogen to bond to the carbon as possible
What are unsaturated fats
Fats with 1 or more double bonds between carbons, causing the structure to bend at that location
Saturated fats are _____ at room temperature
Solid
Unsaturated Fats are _______ at room temperatures
Liquid
What are trans fats
hydrogenating vegetable oils produces not only saturated
fats but also unsaturated fats with trans double bonds. These unsaturated fats are called trans fats
Major function of fats
Energy Storage
Phospholipids are major constitutes of
Cell membranes
Difference in makeup of fats and phospholipids
Phospholipids have 2 fatty acids connected to a glycerol rather than 3
Tails and heads of phospholipids are different how
Tails are hydrophobic, heads are hydrophillic
phospholipids typically turn into a
Bi-layer
What is the defining property of the Phospholipid Bi-layer
forms a boundary between the cell and its external environment and establishes separate compartments within eukaryotic cells
What is structure of Steroids
carbon skeletons consisting of four fused rings
What are Enzymes
Proteins that regulate metabolism, acting as a catalyst. Speeds up chemical Reactions
Bond between Amino Acids is called
Peptide bond
Polymer of Amino Acids is called
Polypeptide
Peptide Bond requires a _______ reaction to bond two amino acids
dehydration
Function of Proteins is determined by what
3-d Structure
What is Primary Structure of Protein
its sequence of amino
acids
how many different amino acids in total
20
What is Secondary Structure of Protein
The Coils and Folds of amino acids that contribute to overall shape of the protein
What are the 2 secondary structures
alpha helix and beta sheet
What is the tertiary structure of protein
determines its final three-dimensional shape by arranging the secondary structural elements (like alpha helices and beta sheets) in space
What is Quaternary structure of protein
determines how multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) come together to form a functional protein complex
What is Denaturation in a protein
When a protein unravels and loses its native shape due to changes in the environment
What is a disulfide bridge
a covalent bond between the sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids in a protein which is used in stability and proper folding of proteins
Polymers of nucleotides
Polynucleotide
Makeup of a Nucleotide
5-carbon sugar, Nitrogenous base, phosphate groups
What is a Pyrimidine
nitrogenous base made up of one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
name the members of the Pyrimidine family
cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U).
What is a Purine
a six-membered ring fused to a five membered ring
name the members of the Purine Family
Adenine, Guanine
Which nitrogenous bases are found in dna
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
Which nitrogenous bases are found in RNA
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
The 5-carbon sugar in DNA is
deoxyribose
The 5-carbon sugar in RNA is
Ribose
What is a Nucleotide with no phosphate group called
Nucleoside
What are the set pairings of nucleotides in DNA
Adenine pairs with Thymine, Guanine always pair with Cytosine
RNA is typically _____ stranded
Single
What are the set pairings of Nucleotides in RNA
Adenine pairs with Uracil, Guanine pairs with Cytosine
What is the semifluid jellylike substance in cells
Cytosol
