Campbell Biology, Chapter 16 and 17

Question 1

What are Bacteriophages

Answer 1

Also known as Phages, Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria

Question 2

What is the semi conservative model of DNA

Answer 2

One DNA strand can create another complementary strand through replication

Question 3

What are Helicases

Answer 3

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

Question 4

What are replication forks

Answer 4

Areas where replication of DNA occurs

Question 5

What is topoisomerase

Answer 5

enzyme that helps relieve this strain by
breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.

Question 6

What is Primase

Answer 6

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primer

Question 7

What are DNA polymerases

Answer 7

enzymes responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands

Question 8

Why is RNA Primer required in Replication of DNA

Answer 8

DNA polymerase cannot synthesize DNA by itself, RNA primer provides a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin adding DNA nucleotides.

Question 9

At the start of a DNA strand, what is found

Answer 9

5 carbon sugar and phosphate group

Question 10

At the end of the DNA strand, what is found

Answer 10

3 Carbon sugar and Hydroxyl Group

Question 11

Where does the energy required for DNA synthesis found

Answer 11

triphosphate group

Question 12

DNA strands are antiparallel, what does that mean

Answer 12

the 2 strands of DNA that make up a DNA double helix run in opposite directions

Question 13

At which end can DNA polymerase add Nucleotides to

Answer 13

3 prime end

Question 14

What is a telomere

Answer 14

a region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled.

Question 15

What is telomerase

Answer 15

adds nucleotides onto a telomere

Question 16

What happens when telomere is shortened

Answer 16

cell division is limited

Question 17

Describe DNA in bacteria

Answer 17

single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule

Question 18

What is chromatin

Answer 18

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells

Question 19

What is a nucleosome

Answer 19

basic unit of chromatin, consisting of DNA wrapped around a core of Histone Proteins

Question 20

What is Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

Answer 20

Euchromatin is loosely condensed nucleosomes and Heterochromatin is heavily condensed nucleosomes

Question 21

Difference between Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

Answer 21

euchromatin allows genes to be expressed while heterochromatin prevents them from being expressed

Question 22

Where does translation occur

Answer 22

Cytoplasm, specifically the ribosomes

Question 23

Where does Transcription occur

Answer 23

Nucleus

Question 24

What is the primary Transcription

Answer 24

The initial RNA transcript produced from any gene

Question 25

1 codon codes for how many amino acids

Answer 25

1 type of amino acid

Question 26

How many of the 64 possible codons code for amino acids

Answer 26

61

Question 27

How many of the 64 possible condons code for stop codons, that terminate translation

Answer 27

3

Question 28

What is the promoter in DNA

Answer 28

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.

Question 29

What is the Terminator in DNA

Answer 29

The DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription.

Question 30

Additions to Pre-mRNA to prepare it for translation

Answer 30

Addition of modified guanine nucleotide to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA, addition of a long string of adenine nucleotides added to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA, and Removal of non-coding sequences (introns) and joining of the coding sequences (exons).

Question 31

What are introns and extrons

Answer 31

extrons are coding regions and introns are non-coding regions in genes

Question 32

What are Ribozymes

Answer 32

RNA molecules that act as catalysts

Question 33

What is alternative splicing

Answer 33

a cellular process that allows a single gene to produce multiple proteins with different functions

Question 34

What is tRNA

Answer 34

small RNA molecule that acts as a link between messenger RNA (mRNA) and amino acids to synthesize proteins

Question 35

What is the main structural and functional component of the ribosome.  

Answer 35

rRNA

Question 36

Ribosome function

Answer 36

translation of mRNA into protein, provide binding sites for mRNA and tRNA

Question 37

is a Ribosome a Ribozyme

Answer 37

yea, as ribosomes acts as the catalyst for peptide bond formation,

Question 38

What is an anticodon

Answer 38

a sequence of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that pairs with a complementary codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during protein synthesis

Question 39

Proteins created by free ribosomes(ribosomes in the cytoplasm not bounded) go where

Answer 39

cytosol

Question 40

Proteins created by bound ribosomes(ribosomes bounded to the nucleus and rough ER) go where

Answer 40

endomembrane system or secretion