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Biology > Campbell Biology, Chapter 16 and 17 > Flashcards

Campbell Biology, Chapter 16 and 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Bacteriophages

A

Also known as Phages, Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria

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2
Q

What is the semi conservative model of DNA

A

One DNA strand can create another complementary strand through replication

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3
Q

What are Helicases

A

enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

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4
Q

What are replication forks

A

Areas where replication of DNA occurs

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5
Q

What is topoisomerase

A

enzyme that helps relieve this strain by
breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.

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6
Q

What is Primase

A

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primer

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7
Q

What are DNA polymerases

A

enzymes responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands

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8
Q

Why is RNA Primer required in Replication of DNA

A

DNA polymerase cannot synthesize DNA by itself, RNA primer provides a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin adding DNA nucleotides.

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9
Q

At the start of a DNA strand, what is found

A

5 carbon sugar and phosphate group

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10
Q

At the end of the DNA strand, what is found

A

3 Carbon sugar and Hydroxyl Group

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11
Q

Where does the energy required for DNA synthesis found

A

triphosphate group

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12
Q

DNA strands are antiparallel, what does that mean

A

the 2 strands of DNA that make up a DNA double helix run in opposite directions

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13
Q

At which end can DNA polymerase add Nucleotides to

A

3 prime end

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14
Q

What is a telomere

A

a region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome. Telomeres protect the ends of chromosomes from becoming frayed or tangled.

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15
Q

What is telomerase

A

adds nucleotides onto a telomere

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16
Q

What happens when telomere is shortened

A

cell division is limited

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17
Q

Describe DNA in bacteria

A

single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule

18
Q

What is chromatin

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in eukaryotic cells

19
Q

What is a nucleosome

A

basic unit of chromatin, consisting of DNA wrapped around a core of Histone Proteins

20
Q

What is Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

A

Euchromatin is loosely condensed nucleosomes and Heterochromatin is heavily condensed nucleosomes

21
Q

Difference between Euchromatin and Heterochromatin

A

euchromatin allows genes to be expressed while heterochromatin prevents them from being expressed

22
Q

Where does translation occur

A

Cytoplasm, specifically the ribosomes

23
Q

Where does Transcription occur

A

Nucleus

24
Q

What is the primary Transcription

A

The initial RNA transcript produced from any gene

25
Q

1 codon codes for how many amino acids

A

1 type of amino acid

26
Q

How many of the 64 possible codons code for amino acids

A

61

27
Q

How many of the 64 possible condons code for stop codons, that terminate translation

A

3

28
Q

What is the promoter in DNA

A

The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds and initiates transcription.

29
Q

What is the Terminator in DNA

A

The DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription.

30
Q

Additions to Pre-mRNA to prepare it for translation

A

Addition of modified guanine nucleotide to the 5’ end of the pre-mRNA, addition of a long string of adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end of the pre-mRNA, and Removal of non-coding sequences (introns) and joining of the coding sequences (exons).

31
Q

What are introns and extrons

A

extrons are coding regions and introns are non-coding regions in genes

32
Q

What are Ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that act as catalysts

33
Q

What is alternative splicing

A

a cellular process that allows a single gene to produce multiple proteins with different functions

34
Q

What is tRNA

A

small RNA molecule that acts as a link between messenger RNA (mRNA) and amino acids to synthesize proteins

35
Q

What is the main structural and functional component of the ribosome.

A

rRNA

36
Q

Ribosome function

A

translation of mRNA into protein, provide binding sites for mRNA and tRNA

37
Q

is a Ribosome a Ribozyme

A

yea, as ribosomes acts as the catalyst for peptide bond formation,

38
Q

What is an anticodon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides in a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that pairs with a complementary codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during protein synthesis

39
Q

Proteins created by free ribosomes(ribosomes in the cytoplasm not bounded) go where

A

cytosol

40
Q

Proteins created by bound ribosomes(ribosomes bounded to the nucleus and rough ER) go where

A

endomembrane system or secretion

41
Q
A

Biology (16 decks)

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