C. 18 wor-def (Rel/Fun)

Question 1

community controls

Answer 1

A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community.

Question 2

charivari

Answer 2

Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards.

Question 3

illegitimacy explosion

Answer 3

The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls.

Question 4

wet-nursing

Answer 4

A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which women were paid to breast-feed other women’s babies.

Question 5

blood sports

Answer 5

Events such as bullbaiting and cockfighting that involved inflicting violence and bloodshed on animals and that were popular with the eighteenth-century European masses.

Question 6

carnival

Answer 6

The few days of revelry in Catholic countries that preceded Lent and that included drinking, masquerading, dancing, and rowdy spectacles that upset the established order.

Question 7

just price

Answer 7

The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary.

Question 8

consumer revolution

Answer 8

The wide-ranging growth in consumption and new attitudes toward consumer goods that emerged in the cities of northwestern Europe in the second half of the eighteenth century.

Question 9

Pietism

Answer 9

A Protestant revival movement in early-eighteenth-century Germany and Scandinavia that emphasized a warm and emotional religion, the priesthood of all believers, and the power of Christian rebirth in everyday affairs.

Question 10

Methodists

Answer 10

Members of a Protestant revival movement started by John Wesley, so called because they were so methodical in their devotion.

Question 11

Jansenism

Answer 11

A sect of Catholicism originating with Cornelius Jansen that emphasized the heavy weight of original sin and accepted the doctrine of predestination; it was outlawed as heresy by the pope.

Question 12

Nuclear Family

Answer 12

a family group consisting of parents and their children, typically living in one home residence. It is in contrast to a single-parent family, the larger extended family, or a family with more than two parents

Question 13

Foundlings

Answer 13

an infant that has been abandoned by its parents and is discovered and cared for by others

Question 14

“Charity School”

Answer 14

a school which is supported by charitable contributions

Question 15

Catechism

Answer 15

a summary of the principles of Christian religion in the form of questions and answers, used for the instruction of Christians.

Question 16

Spectator Sports

Answer 16

a sport that is characterized by the presence of spectators, or watchers, at its competitions. It may be professional sports or amateur sports

Question 17

Moral Economy

Answer 17

The critical study of the ethical character of economic activities and relationships, and of how this shapes and is shaped by other dimensions of social and political life

Question 18

Apothecaries

Answer 18

archaic English term for a medical professional who formulates and dispenses materia medica to physicians, surgeons, and patients. The modern terms ‘pharmacist’ and ‘chemist’ have taken over this role

Question 19

Bloodletting

Answer 19

the withdrawal of blood from a patient to prevent or cure illness and disease. Whether by a physician or by leeches, it was based on an ancient system of medicine in which blood and other bodily fluids were regarded as “humours” that had to remain in proper balance to maintain health

Question 20

Midwife

Answer 20

a mix of holistic medicine practices, with herbs and tinctures to assist with the pain and process of childbirth. Everyone would gather in the comfort of the laboring woman’s home until the baby was born and then prepare for the “lying-in,” or recovery period

Question 21

Inoculation

Answer 21

the action of immunizing someone against a disease by introducing infective material, microorganisms, or vaccine into the body.