C. 17 wor-def (Ind) Flashcards

1
Q

enclosure

A

The movement to fence in fields in order to farm more effectively, at the expense of poor peasants who relied on common fields for farming and pasture.

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2
Q

proletarianization

A

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

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3
Q

cottage industry

A

A stage of industrial development in which rural workers used hand tools in their homes to manufacture goods on a large scale for sale in a market.

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4
Q

putting-out system

A

The eighteenth-century system of rural industry in which a merchant loaned raw materials to cottage workers, who processed them and returned the finished products to the merchant.

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5
Q

industrious revolution

A

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.

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6
Q

guild system

A

The organization of artisanal production into trade-based associations, or guilds, each of which received a monopoly over its trade and the right to train apprentices and hire workers.

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7
Q

economic liberalism

A

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith’s argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

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8
Q

Navigation Acts

A

A series of English laws that controlled the import of goods to Britain and British colonies.

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9
Q

Treaty of Paris

A

The treaty that ended the Seven Years’ War in Europe and the colonies in 1763, and ratified British victory on all colonial fronts.

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10
Q

debt peonage

A

A form of serfdom that allowed a planter or rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money.

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11
Q

Atlantic slave trade

A

The forced migration of Africans across the Atlantic for slave labor on plantations and in other industries; the trade reached its peak in the eighteenth century and ultimately involved more than 12 million Africans.

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12
Q

Low Countries

A

also called Benelux countries, the coastal region of northwestern Europe, consisting of Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg

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13
Q

monopolies

A

the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service

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14
Q

Triangle Trade

A

trade between three ports or regions. It usually evolves when a region has export commodities that are not required in the region from which its major imports come. It has been used to offset trade imbalances between different regions.

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15
Q

Commodities

A

a basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type. They are most often used as inputs in the production of other goods or services. It, thus usually refers to a raw material used to manufacture finished goods.

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16
Q

Jethro Tull

A

an English agriculturist from Berkshire who helped to bring about the British Agricultural Revolution of the 18th century. He perfected a horse-drawn seed drill in 1701 that economically sowed the seeds in neat rows, and later developed a horse-drawn hoe

17
Q

Adam Smith

A

a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment

18
Q

Creoles

A

generally means a person or people of mixed colonial French, African American and Native American ancestry.

19
Q

Mulattos

A

a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Spanish and Portuguese is not, and can even be a source of pride