C. 16 wor-def (Sr/En) Flashcards
Aristotle
Was widely taught among the masses. Idea’s influenced Natural Philosophy. An ancient Greek Philosophy with the Idea that Earth was the Center of the Universe which everything revolves around.
Johannes Kepler
Brahe’s assistant, German Astronomer, Discovered planets move in an oval pattern using math and science. Proved mathematically the precise relations of a sun-centered (solar) system.
Galileo
He measured the movement of a rolling ball across a surface, repeating the action again and again to verify his results. Discoveries proved Aristotelian physics wrong. Made Telescope. Kept quiet about discoveries in favor of the church. House Arrest
Issac Newton
Discovered 3 laws of Motion
Rene Descartes
Improved scientific method based on mathematical reasoning. French philosopher. Made many mathematical advancements.
Empiricism
Theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than deductive reason and speculation.
Scientific Revolution
New understanding of the universe had emerged by the end of the seventeenth century. The era of scientific thought in europe between the 16th and 18th centuries during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned.
Copernican Hypothesis
The idea that the sun is the center of the universe and not the Earth.
Experimental Method
Francis Bacon was the greatest early propagandist for it. New knowledge had to be pursued through empirical research, guess and check. Have a theory and to see if it’s right check,check, and check again.
Royal Society
An international network for practical and philosophical investigation of the physical world. Met weekly to conduct experiments and discuss the latest findings of scholars across Europe
Andreas Vesalius
Flemish physician, studied anatomy by dissecting human bodies, often those of executed criminals, “On the Structure of the Human Body” - book
Robert Boyle
Scientific work led to the development of modern chemistry, and was a key figure in the victory of experimental methods in England and helped create the Royal Society.
Maria Sibylla Merian
Revolutionized botany and zoology with drawing of nature and insects. Drew very realistic drawing for science.
Enlightenment
The political, intellectual, and religious developments of the early modern period that gave rise to the Scientific Revolution further contributed to a series of debates about key issues in eighteenth-century Europe and the wider world.
Philosophes
A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
John Locke
A physician and member of the Royal Society, brilliantly set forth a new theory about how human beings learn and form their ideas. Chalkboard slate
Enlightenment Absolutism
Term coined by historians to describe the rule of eighteenth-century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
Rococo
Popular style in Europe in the eighteenth century soft past do, ornate interior, sentimental portraits and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupid.
Reading Revolution
The intensive and repeated reading of a limited number of books was replaced by more extensive reading habits, with a large number of books being devoured just once.High literacy and a change from more sacred texts to broader subjects.
Salon
Regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
Voltaire
The most famous philosophe, also has a pen name. Pro monarch and believed in freedom or speech and religion
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Progress of the arts and sciences is not progress for morality and man is born free yet everywhere is in chains ~ Some of the motos. The Social Contract (1762). Was both one of the most influential voices of the Enlightenment and a harbinger of reaction against Enlightenment ideals.
Immanuel Kant
Argued that if intellectuals were granted the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print, enlightenment would almost surely follow. Also insisted that in their private lives, individuals must obey all laws, no matter how unreasonable, and should be punished for “impertinent” criticism.
Madame du Deffand
Held weekly salons in high society often meeting with Benjamin Franklin himself
