BS: Innate Immunity

Question 1

Two types of defense mechanisms

Answer 1

Physical and bloodborne

Question 2

Types of blood borne defense mechanisms

Answer 2

Complement cascade and phagocytes

Question 3

Types of physical defense mechanisms

Answer 3

Skin, mucous membranes, saliva, flushing action of urine and tears, stomach acid

Question 4

Critical step of Complement System

Answer 4

Cleavage of C3

Question 5

End effect of C3A

Answer 5

Recruitment and activation of leukocytes; promotes inflammation

Question 6

End effect of C3B

Answer 6

MAC, opsinization (bacteria marking for destruction)

Question 7

Activation mechanisms of complement

Answer 7

Recognition of certain bacterial carbohydrates (Alternative)
Antibody (IgM or IgG) mediated (Traditional)
Mannose binding lectin (Lectin)

Question 8

Cells of innate immune system

Answer 8

basophils, eosinophils, monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells

Question 9

Innate cells from Lymphoid precursors

Answer 9

NK cells

Question 10

Innate cells from Myeloid precursors

Answer 10

basophil, eosinophil, monocyte/macrophages, neutrophils

Question 11

PAMPs

Answer 11

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 12

DAMPs

Answer 12

Damage associated molecular patterns

Question 13

Where innate cells are located

Answer 13

Reside in blood, skin, linings of ducts and the mucosal linings of the respiratory, GI and GU tracts

Question 14

Speed of innate immunity versus cell mediated

Answer 14

Innate immunity works quickly and offers first line of defense

Question 15

PRRs

Answer 15

Pattern recognition receptors

Question 16

Pattern recognition receptors (purpose)

Answer 16

Recognize PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 17

Pattern recognition receptors (location)

Answer 17

On cell and intracellularly in monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, fibroblasts, neutrophils and mast cells

Question 18

Fibroblasts (description)

Answer 18

Cells that reside in the tissue below the skin

Question 19

Fibroblasts (Function)

Answer 19

Provide some structural rigidity to skin

Provide much of the collagen and other extracellular components that give strength to skin

Question 20

Toll-like receptors (description)

Answer 20

Surface PRRs that recognize bacterial PAMPs

Question 21

C-type receptors (description)

Answer 21

Surface PRRs that recognize lectins (protein binding sugars) that are found on bacterial or viral surfaces

Question 22

Nod-like receptors (description)

Answer 22

Intracellular PRRs that recognize small DNA fragments associated with bacteria

Question 23

Rig-like receptors (description)

Answer 23

Intracellular PRRs that recognize small DNA fragments associated with viral replication

Question 24

Benefits of fever during inflammation

Answer 24

Increased temperature helps to release the oxygen from hemoglobin so more oxygen can get to the inflammation for the myeloperoxidase system

Question 25

Myeloperoxidase system (location)

Answer 25

Inside the phagosome of macrophages and neutrophils

Question 26

Myeloperoxidase system (purpose)

Answer 26

Convert NADPH from the pentose phosphate pathway to generate superoxide using oxygen

Question 27

Superoxide (purpose)

Answer 27

Produced by phagosomes to destroy microbes