brain injuries and swelling

Question 1

depending on where the cns is damaged there are typical patterns that we usually see as symptoms…what is this called

Answer 1

selective variability

Question 2

2 patterns of neuronal injury

Answer 2

1. reversible: swelling and displacement of nissi substance

2. irreversible: typically show “red neurons”, spheroid= axonal swelling

Question 3

when astrocytes are damaged what sprouts

Answer 3

gemistocytic astrocytes

Question 4

what happens to oligodendrocytes when damaged

Answer 4

nucleus enlarges

Question 5

what is myelin prod of cns, pns

Answer 5

oligoden, schwann

Question 6

what is the phagocyte of cns

Answer 6

microglia

Question 7

what lines the ventricles and spinal cord

Answer 7

ependymal cells

Question 8

associate these words with the disease

• negri body
• owls eye
• b amyloid plaques
• parkinsons
• lypofusin

Answer 8

rabies
cmv
alzheimers
lewy bodies
aging, lipid accumulation

Question 9

2 mechanisms of cranial edema

Answer 9

1. vasogenic: bbb disruption

2. cytoxic: neuronal/microglia membrane injury

Question 10

characteristics of brain w/ edema

Answer 10

flattened gyri
narrowed sulci
ventricular compression

Question 11

what is MC cause of hydrocephalus

Answer 11

disturbed flow/resorption, can be communicating or noncommunicating

Question 12

age range for cranial enlargement with hydrocephalus

Answer 12

< 2

Question 13

MC tx for hydrocephalus

Answer 13

shunting

Question 14

what is it called when hydrocephaly is due to neurodegeneration not inc. in CSF

Answer 14

hydrocephalus ex vacuo

Question 15

where does brain herniation occur

Answer 15

across dura or through foramen magnum

Question 16

3 types of brain herniation and what happens

Answer 16

1. subfalcine: displaced cingulate gyrus under falx cerebri
2. transtentorial: displaced temporal lobe under anterior tentorium
3. tonsillar: displaced cerebellar tonsils through FM

Question 17

name for tonsillar brain herniation

Answer 17

arnold-chiari malformations

1. in adults
2. more sever: infants

Question 18

3 mechanisms for cerebrovascular disease

Answer 18

1. thrombotic occlusion
2. embolic occlusoin
3. vascular rupture

Question 19

what do you call a mini stroke

Answer 19

TIA: transient ischemic attack

Question 20

ischemia of cns causes what type of necrosis

Answer 20

liquefactive

Question 21

fxnal hypoxia vs. ischemia

Answer 21

partial o2 pressure and availability, occulusion: TIA

Question 22

waht has widespead ischemic-hypoxic injury, neuronal death, edema, red neurons, gliosis, neurological impairment, and coma or death?

Answer 22

global cerebral ischemia

Question 23

what limits injury in focal cerebral ischemia

Answer 23

collateral flow

Question 24

what has minimal collateral blood flow

Answer 24

deep tissues

Question 25

is an emboli focal or global ischmia

Answer 25

focal

Question 26

3 causes of focal cerbral ischemia

Answer 26

collateral flow
emboli
thrombi: atherosclerotic plaques