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path two > blood vessels > Flashcards

blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

2 ways to have vascular disease

A
  1. narrowing/obstruction of lumen
    - –atherosclerosis: gradual
  2. weakening of vessel wall
    - –dilation: aneurysm
    - –rupture: dissection
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2
Q

t or f vascular structure was similar throughout cardiovascular system

A

t

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3
Q

3 layers of vascular structure

A 
tunica intima 
----internal elastic lamina
tunica media
-----external elastic lamina
tunica adventitia
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4
Q

vascular supply to vascular wall

A

interior: diffusion of blood from lumen: intima and inner portion of media
exterior: vasa vasorum : outer media and adventitia

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5
Q

which vessels are used to spread disease

A

all

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6
Q

purpose of endothelial cells

A

creates non-thrombogenic surface

trauma upsets->endothelial activation: pro inflammatory

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7
Q

what is a dilation of cerebral vessel that when rupture cause subdural hemorrage

A

berry aneurysm

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8
Q

name 3 congenital anomalies

A
  1. berry aneurysm
  2. ateriorveous fistula artery and venous attach (bypass capillaries)
  3. fibromuscular dysplasia: local thickening of medium/large artery walls -> ischemia
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9
Q

how is vascular tone and blood volume controlled by the kidneys

A

sodium w/ the renin-angiotensin system

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10
Q

when BP increases and stretches the heart what is released

A

Atrial Naturetic Peptide

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11
Q

BP decreases … how does body solve

A

renin-angiotensin system

  • —sodium resorption
  • — vasoconstriction
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12
Q

what is HTN and what does it damage

A

> 140/90 , damages vessels and end organ

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13
Q

what % of HTN is idiopathic

A

95

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14
Q

t or f decreasing BP decreases risk of ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, but not stroke

A

f. stroke is included

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15
Q

what has >200/120 and is lethal w/ in 2 yrs, what is the big cause

A

malignant htn, renal failure and retinal hemorrhage

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16
Q

what is the problem of how vascular walls respond to injury

A

last stage: irreversible intimial thickening causes vessel stenosis (ischemia eventually)

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17
Q

what is called the silent killer

A

HTN

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18
Q

what is “hardening of small arteries”

A

arteriosclerosis.

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of arteriosclerosis which is benign vs severe HTN

A

hyaline (benign) and hyperplastic (onion skin)

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20
Q

what is Ca sclerosis that is not clinically significant

A

monckenberg medial sclerosis

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21
Q

MC type of ateriosclerosis

A

atherosclerosis (atheroma, plaque)

22
Q

what % of arteriorsclerosis is atherosclerosis

A

99%

23
Q

what are foam cells

A

fat laden macrophage

24
Q

t or f atheromas protrude into the lumen… consisting of macrophages, foam cells, and fibrous caps but do not cause inflammation

A

f. does cause inflammation

25
Q

why do atheromas weaken the tunica media?

A

plaquing decreases nutrients

26
Q

what % of coronary art must be occluded for coronary artery disease

A

70

27
Q

risks of atherosclerosis

A

genetic, inc age, male

28
Q

are there modifiable risks for atherosclerosis

A

yes…. metabolic syndromes

29
Q

1 cause of morbidity in US

A

atherosclerosis

30
Q

what are MI risks

A

hyperlipidemia, HTN, smoking

multiplicative 2=4x risk 3=7x risk

31
Q

turbulence causes …

A

atherosclerosis

32
Q

what happens when vessel walls are weakend?

A

aneurysm

33
Q

what do ruptured plaques cause…

A

thrombosis, rapid clot formation

34
Q

describe vulnerable plaque vs. stable plaques

A

thickness of fibrous cap on stable is thicker

35
Q

true vs. false aneurysm and dissection

A

true: 3 layers
false: less than 3 and defect in vascular wall
dissection: blood dissects layers of the vessels

36
Q

% for abdominal aortic aneurysm, surgical?

A

> 50%, >5cm

37
Q

who is at risk AAA?

A

males, smokers, >50 yrs old, caucasian, fam hist

***contra indic for adjust

38
Q

growth of AAA

A 
4-5cm= 1%
>6= 25%/yr
39
Q

what % ruptured AAA fatal

A

50%

40
Q

who is most likely to have aortic dissection

A

males 40-50 and adolescent/young adult: CT tissue disorders

41
Q

what is inflammation of vascular wall

A

vasculitis

42
Q

age range of Giant cell arteritis

A

> 50 years

43
Q

typical symptoms of giant cell arteritis

A

facial pain, heart ache, pyrexia (fever)

44
Q

t or f polyarteritis nodosa is localized to the heart

A

f. system wide, small and medium arteries

45
Q

MC organs for polyarteritis nodosa

A

kidneys, viscera, heart, liver arteries

avoids PULMONARY ARTERIES!

46
Q

what does polyarteritis nodosa avoid?

A

pulmonary arteries

47
Q

tx of polyarteritis nodosa

A

corticosteroids, fatal if untreated

48
Q

polyarteritis nodosa MC in , symptoms

A

young adults, weight loss, fatigue, fever (symptoms are paroxysomal- wave)

49
Q

what does abdominal pain and bloody stools tell you w/ polyarteritis nodosa

A

GI arteries are being damaged, damaging the organs

50
Q

w/ immunosuppression what % of polyarteritis nodosa will improve

A

90%

51
Q

what is sudden severe stabbing between scapulaq

A

aortic dissection

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