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T2 - Phase 3 - Brain, Mind, and Behavior > BMB 3 - Infant & Childhood Development > Flashcards

BMB 3 - Infant & Childhood Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Name a few of the major scientists who led the research in cognitive development.

A

Piaget

Erikson

Maslow

Freud

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2
Q

The Human Mind

Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (in particular, the five primary components).

A
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3
Q

What are the three major forms of infant/childhood development?

A

Motor

Social

Cognitive

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4
Q

What mnemonic can help you remember which motor, social, and cognitive milestones an infant should reach within the first year of life, the timeframe between 12 and 36 months, and the timeframe between 3 and 5 years?

A

Parents Start Observing,

Child Rearing Working,

Don’t Forget they’re still Learning!

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5
Q

What mnemonic can help you remember which motor, social, and cognitive milestones an infant should reach within the first year of life?

A

Parents Start Observing

(motor, social, cognitive)

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6
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ what are the major motor milestones an infant should reach in their first year of life?

A

Primitive reflexes disappear

Postural changes

Passes toys between hands / develops a pincer grip

Points to objects

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7
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ describe the four major motor milestones (Parents) of the first year of life in regards to when primitive reflexes disappear.

A

Moro - 3 mo.

Rooting - 4 mo.

Palmar grasp - 6 mo.

Babinski - 12 mo.

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8
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ describe the four major motor milestones (Parents) of the first year of life in regards to postural development.

A

Lifts head - 1 mo.

Rolls over - 6 mo.

Crawls - 8 mo.

Stands - 10 mo.

Walks - 12 mo.

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9
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ describe the four major motor milestones (Parents) of the first year of life in regards to playing with and pointing to objects.

A

Passes toys between hands - 6 mo.

Pincer grip - 10 mo.

Points to objects - 12 mo.

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10
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ name the major social milestones an infant should reach and the respective timeframe within their first year of life.

A

Social anxiety - 2 mo.

Stranger anxiety - 6 mo.

Separation anxiety - 9 mo.

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11
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ name the major cognitive milestones an infant should reach and the respective timeframe within their first year of life.

A

Orients to voice - 4 mo.

Orients to name/gestures - 9 mo.

Object permanence - 9 mo.

Oratory (‘mama’ and ‘dada’) - 10 mo.

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12
Q

What mnemonic can help you remember which motor, social, and cognitive milestones an infant should reach between 12 and 36 months?

A

Child, Rearing, Working

(motor, social, cognitive)

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13
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Child Rearing Working,’ name the major motor milestones a toddler should reach between 12 months and 36 months of life.

A

Cruising around (walking) - 12 mo.

Climbing stairs - 18 mo.

Cutlery - 20 mo.

Kicks ball - 24 mo.

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14
Q

How many cubes should a toddler between the ages of 1 and 3 be able to stack?

A

Their age in yrs x 3

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15
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Child Rearing Working,’ name the major social milestones a toddler should reach between 12 months and 36 months of life.

A

Raprochement - by 24 mo.

Recreation (parallel play) - 24 - 36 mo.

Realization (gender) - by 36 mo.

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16
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Child Rearing Working,’ name the major cognitive milestones a toddler should reach between 12 months and 36 months of life.

A

Words - 50 words in 2-word phrases by 24 mo.

Words - 200+ words by 36 mo.

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17
Q

What mnemonic can help you remember which motor, social, and cognitive milestones a child should reach between 3 and 5 years?

A

Don’t Forget they’re still Learning

(motor, social, cognitive)

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18
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Don’t Forget they’re still Learning,’ describe the major motor milestones a child should reach between 3 and 5 years of life.

A

Drive (tricycle) - 3 wheels at 3 years

Drawing (copies line, circle, stick figure) - 4 years

Dexterity (hops on one foot) - 4 years

Dexterity (buttons, zippers, grooming) - 5 years

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19
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Don’t Forget they’re still Learning,’ describe the major social milestones a child should reach between 3 and 5 years of life.

A

Freedom (comfortable spends part of day away from mother) - 3 years

Friends (cooperative play) - 4 years

Friends (imaginary friends) - 4 years

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20
Q

Using the mnemonic ‘Don’t Forget they’re still Learning,’ describe the major cognitive milestones a child should reach between 3 and 5 years of life.

A

Language (1000 words) - 3 years

Language (complete sentences and prepositions) - 4 years

Legends (telling detailed stories) - 4 years

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21
Q

Describe the typical emotional and social development of a child between the ages of 6 and 8 years.

A

More independence from parents/family

Start to think about the future

Wants to be liked/accepted by friends

Pays more attention to friends/teamwork

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22
Q

Describe the typical cognitive development of a child between the ages of 6 and 8 years.

A

Rapid development of mental skills

Learning to efficiently talk about thoughts and feelings

Less egocentric; more concern for others

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23
Q

Describe the typical emotional and social development of a child between the ages of 9 and 11 years.

A

Stronger / more complex relationships

Peer pressure

Body image becomes important

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24
Q

Describe the typical cognitive development of a child between the ages of 9 and 11 years.

A

More academic challenge at school

Increased attention span

Increased ability to see others’ point of view

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25
Q

Around what age do children begin to understand the moral differences between various actions and their motives (e.g. breaking two cups while trying to do something good or breaking one cup while trying to do something bad)?

A

10 - 12 years

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26
Q

Name Piaget’s stages of child development.

A

Sensorimotor (0 - 2)

Preoperational (3 - 6)

Concrete operational (7 - 11)

Formal operational (≥ 12)

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27
Q

Describe the sensorimotor stage (ages 0 - 2) of Piaget’s stages of child development.

A

Object permanence learned through sensory and motor interaction with the world

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28
Q

Describe the preoperational stage (ages 3 - 6) of Piaget’s stages of child development.

A

Language and egocentrism acquired along with symbolic thinking and imagination

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29
Q

Describe the concrete operational stage (ages 7 - 11) of Piaget’s stages of child development.

A

The law of conservation is learned along with other very basic logical tenets

30
Q

Describe the formal operational stage (ages 12 and up) of Piaget’s stages of child development.

A

Abstract thinking acquired along with the concept of ethics and more advanced, deductive logic

31
Q

How many stages are there in Erikson’s stages of cognitive development?

What age range do they span?

A

8

Birth to death

32
Q

Name the age ranges of Erikson’s eight stages of development.

A

Birth - 1.5 years

2 - 3 years

3 - 5 years

6 - 11 years

12 - 18 years

19 - 40 years

40 - 65 years

65 years to death

33
Q

What age range defines Erikson’s first stage of development (infancy)?

What conflict is in play?

What is the defining event?

A

0 - 18 mo.

Trust v. mistrust

Feeding

34
Q

What age range defines Erikson’s second stage of development (early childhood)?

What conflict is in play?

What is the defining event?

A

2 - 3 years

Autonomy v. shame/doubt

Toilet training

35
Q

What age range defines Erikson’s third stage of development (preschool)?

What conflict is in play?

What is the defining event?

A

3 - 5 years

Initiative v. guilt

Exploration

36
Q

What age range defines Erikson’s fourth stage of development (school age)?

What conflict is in play?

What is the defining event?

A

6 - 11

Industry v. inferiority

School

37
Q

What age range defines Erikson’s fifth stage of development (adolescence)?

What conflict is in play?

What is the defining event?

A

12 - 18 years

Identity v. role confusion

Social relationships

38
Q

What age range defines Erikson’s sixth stage of development (young adulthood)?

What conflict is in play?

What is the defining event?

A

19 - 40 years

Intimacy v. isolation

Relationships

39
Q

What age range defines Erikson’s seventh stage of development (middle adulthood)?

What conflict is in play?

What is the defining event?

A

40 - 65 years

Generativity v. stagnation

Work and parenthood

40
Q

What age range defines Erikson’s eighth stage of development (maturity)?

What conflict is in play?

What is the defining event?

A

65 - death

Ego integrity v. despair

Reflection on life

41
Q

True/False.

One can skip certain of Erikson’s stages of development with little impact on the rest.

A

False.

Think of them as a ladder of sorts.

42
Q

Name Freud’s three portions of the mind.

A

Superego

Ego

Id

43
Q

What cognitive term refers the defense mechanism in which the ego defends itself against unconscious impulses or qualities by denying their existence in themselves and attributing them to others?

A

Projection

44
Q

What term refers to a patient projecting irrational feelings from past encounters onto a physician/therapist?

(Ex.: the patient had a bad breakup with someone who looks like the physician, so he treats the physician poorly.)

A

Transference

45
Q

What term refers to a physician and/or therapist projecting irrational feelings from past encounters onto a patient?

(Ex.: a physician was mugged by someone who acts like the patient, so she treats the patient poorly.)

A

Countertransference

46
Q

Name some of the major newborn reflexes.

A

Moro

Rooting

Palmar grasp

Babinski

47
Q

What is the Moro reflex and by what age has it usually disappeared?

A

‘Embracing reflex’ - letting head drop (or loud stimulus) causes an abduction and then adduction of the arms;

3 months

48
Q

By what age has the rooting reflex usually disappeared?

A

4 months

49
Q

By what age has the Babinski reflex usually disappeared?

A

12 months

50
Q

By ____ _________, a newborn can typically raise their head.

A

By 8 weeks, a newborn can typically raise their head.

51
Q

By ____ _________, a newborn can typically roll over.

A

By 4 months, a newborn can typically roll over.

52
Q

By ____ _________, an infant has typically developed a ‘parachute’ reflex (puts down hand to catch themselves).

A

By 5 months, an infant has typically developed a ‘parachute’ reflex (puts down hand to catch themselves).

53
Q

By ____ _________, an infant has typically developed separation anxiety.

A

By 9 months, an infant has typically developed separation anxiety.

54
Q

By ____ _________, an infant can typically pull themselves up to a standing position.

A

By 10 months, an infant can typically pull themselves up to a standing position.

55
Q

Most infants learn to walk between the ages of ____ and ____ months.

A

Most infants learn to walk between the ages of 12 and 18 months.

56
Q

By ____ months, most infants can climb stairs and walk alone.

A

By 18 months, most infants can climb stairs and walk alone.

57
Q

By ____ months, most infants can walk down stairs with alternating feet.

A

By 24 months, most infants can walk down stairs with alternating feet.

58
Q

Beginning around ____ months, most babies will look where you’re pointing

(Preverbal separation of intention between mother and baby)

A

Beginning around 4 months, most babies will look where you’re pointing

(Preverbal separation of intention between mother and baby)

59
Q

By ____ months, most infants have developed a social smile.

A

By 2 months, most infants have developed a social smile.

60
Q

By ____ months, most infants recognize their mother.

By ____ months, most infants recognize strangers.

A

By 3 months, most infants recognize their mother.

By 6 months, most infants recognize strangers.

61
Q

By ____ months, most infants can wave goodbye.

A

By 9 months, most infants can wave goodbye.

62
Q

By ____ months, most infants can come when called and play simple games.

A

By 12 months, most infants can come when called and play simple games.

63
Q

By ____ months, most infants will begin using some jargon.

A

By 15 months, most infants will begin using some jargon.

64
Q

By ____ months, most infants can begin copying their parents’ tasks.

A

By 18 months, most infants can begin copying their parents’ tasks.

65
Q

By ____ years, infants begin asking for food, drink, toilet, etc.

A

By 2 years, infants begin asking for food, drink, toilet, etc.

66
Q

By ____ years, a child can become willing/able to purposefully share their toys.

A

By 3 years, a child can become willing/able to purposefully share their toys.

67
Q

By ____ years, a child can know their full name and gender.

A

By 3 years, a child can know their full name and gender.

68
Q

By ____ years, a child can use the bathroom on their own.

A

By 4 years, a child can use the bathroom on their own.

69
Q

By ____ years, a child can play cooperatively in a group.

A

By 4 years, a child can play cooperatively in a group.

70
Q

By ____ years, a child can help in household tasks.

A

By 5 years, a child can help in household tasks.

71
Q

By ____ years, a child can dress and undress themselves.

A

By 5 years, a child can dress and undress themselves.

72
Q

Raprochment first develops between what years?

A

0 and 3

T2 - Phase 3 - Brain, Mind, and Behavior (43 decks)

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