BMB 3 - Infant & Childhood Development Flashcards
Name a few of the major scientists who led the research in cognitive development.
Piaget
Erikson
Maslow
Freud
The Human Mind
Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (in particular, the five primary components).
What are the three major forms of infant/childhood development?
Motor
Social
Cognitive
What mnemonic can help you remember which motor, social, and cognitive milestones an infant should reach within the first year of life, the timeframe between 12 and 36 months, and the timeframe between 3 and 5 years?
Parents Start Observing,
Child Rearing Working,
Don’t Forget they’re still Learning!
What mnemonic can help you remember which motor, social, and cognitive milestones an infant should reach within the first year of life?
Parents Start Observing
(motor, social, cognitive)
Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ what are the major motor milestones an infant should reach in their first year of life?
Primitive reflexes disappear
Postural changes
Passes toys between hands / develops a pincer grip
Points to objects
Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ describe the four major motor milestones (Parents) of the first year of life in regards to when primitive reflexes disappear.
Moro - 3 mo.
Rooting - 4 mo.
Palmar grasp - 6 mo.
Babinski - 12 mo.
Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ describe the four major motor milestones (Parents) of the first year of life in regards to postural development.
Lifts head - 1 mo.
Rolls over - 6 mo.
Crawls - 8 mo.
Stands - 10 mo.
Walks - 12 mo.
Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ describe the four major motor milestones (Parents) of the first year of life in regards to playing with and pointing to objects.
Passes toys between hands - 6 mo.
Pincer grip - 10 mo.
Points to objects - 12 mo.
Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ name the major social milestones an infant should reach and the respective timeframe within their first year of life.
Social anxiety - 2 mo.
Stranger anxiety - 6 mo.
Separation anxiety - 9 mo.
Using the mnemonic ‘Parents Start Observing,’ name the major cognitive milestones an infant should reach and the respective timeframe within their first year of life.
Orients to voice - 4 mo.
Orients to name/gestures - 9 mo.
Object permanence - 9 mo.
Oratory (‘mama’ and ‘dada’) - 10 mo.
What mnemonic can help you remember which motor, social, and cognitive milestones an infant should reach between 12 and 36 months?
Child, Rearing, Working
(motor, social, cognitive)
Using the mnemonic ‘Child Rearing Working,’ name the major motor milestones a toddler should reach between 12 months and 36 months of life.
Cruising around (walking) - 12 mo.
Climbing stairs - 18 mo.
Cutlery - 20 mo.
Kicks ball - 24 mo.
How many cubes should a toddler between the ages of 1 and 3 be able to stack?
Their age in yrs x 3
Using the mnemonic ‘Child Rearing Working,’ name the major social milestones a toddler should reach between 12 months and 36 months of life.
Raprochement - by 24 mo.
Recreation (parallel play) - 24 - 36 mo.
Realization (gender) - by 36 mo.
Using the mnemonic ‘Child Rearing Working,’ name the major cognitive milestones a toddler should reach between 12 months and 36 months of life.
Words - 50 words in 2-word phrases by 24 mo.
Words - 200+ words by 36 mo.
What mnemonic can help you remember which motor, social, and cognitive milestones a child should reach between 3 and 5 years?
Don’t Forget they’re still Learning
(motor, social, cognitive)
Using the mnemonic ‘Don’t Forget they’re still Learning,’ describe the major motor milestones a child should reach between 3 and 5 years of life.
Drive (tricycle) - 3 wheels at 3 years
Drawing (copies line, circle, stick figure) - 4 years
Dexterity (hops on one foot) - 4 years
Dexterity (buttons, zippers, grooming) - 5 years
Using the mnemonic ‘Don’t Forget they’re still Learning,’ describe the major social milestones a child should reach between 3 and 5 years of life.
Freedom (comfortable spends part of day away from mother) - 3 years
Friends (cooperative play) - 4 years
Friends (imaginary friends) - 4 years
Using the mnemonic ‘Don’t Forget they’re still Learning,’ describe the major cognitive milestones a child should reach between 3 and 5 years of life.
Language (1000 words) - 3 years
Language (complete sentences and prepositions) - 4 years
Legends (telling detailed stories) - 4 years
Describe the typical emotional and social development of a child between the ages of 6 and 8 years.
More independence from parents/family
Start to think about the future
Wants to be liked/accepted by friends
Pays more attention to friends/teamwork
Describe the typical cognitive development of a child between the ages of 6 and 8 years.
Rapid development of mental skills
Learning to efficiently talk about thoughts and feelings
Less egocentric; more concern for others
Describe the typical emotional and social development of a child between the ages of 9 and 11 years.
Stronger / more complex relationships
Peer pressure
Body image becomes important
Describe the typical cognitive development of a child between the ages of 9 and 11 years.
More academic challenge at school
Increased attention span
Increased ability to see others’ point of view
Around what age do children begin to understand the moral differences between various actions and their motives (e.g. breaking two cups while trying to do something good or breaking one cup while trying to do something bad)?
10 - 12 years
Name Piaget’s stages of child development.
Sensorimotor (0 - 2)
Preoperational (3 - 6)
Concrete operational (7 - 11)
Formal operational (≥ 12)
Describe the sensorimotor stage (ages 0 - 2) of Piaget’s stages of child development.
Object permanence learned through sensory and motor interaction with the world
Describe the preoperational stage (ages 3 - 6) of Piaget’s stages of child development.
Language and egocentrism acquired along with symbolic thinking and imagination
Describe the concrete operational stage (ages 7 - 11) of Piaget’s stages of child development.
The law of conservation is learned along with other very basic logical tenets
Describe the formal operational stage (ages 12 and up) of Piaget’s stages of child development.
Abstract thinking acquired along with the concept of ethics and more advanced, deductive logic
How many stages are there in Erikson’s stages of cognitive development?
What age range do they span?
8
Birth to death
Name the age ranges of Erikson’s eight stages of development.
Birth - 1.5 years
2 - 3 years
3 - 5 years
6 - 11 years
12 - 18 years
19 - 40 years
40 - 65 years
65 years to death
What age range defines Erikson’s first stage of development (infancy)?
What conflict is in play?
What is the defining event?
0 - 18 mo.
Trust v. mistrust
Feeding
What age range defines Erikson’s second stage of development (early childhood)?
What conflict is in play?
What is the defining event?
2 - 3 years
Autonomy v. shame/doubt
Toilet training
What age range defines Erikson’s third stage of development (preschool)?
What conflict is in play?
What is the defining event?
3 - 5 years
Initiative v. guilt
Exploration
What age range defines Erikson’s fourth stage of development (school age)?
What conflict is in play?
What is the defining event?
6 - 11
Industry v. inferiority
School
What age range defines Erikson’s fifth stage of development (adolescence)?
What conflict is in play?
What is the defining event?
12 - 18 years
Identity v. role confusion
Social relationships
What age range defines Erikson’s sixth stage of development (young adulthood)?
What conflict is in play?
What is the defining event?
19 - 40 years
Intimacy v. isolation
Relationships
What age range defines Erikson’s seventh stage of development (middle adulthood)?
What conflict is in play?
What is the defining event?
40 - 65 years
Generativity v. stagnation
Work and parenthood
What age range defines Erikson’s eighth stage of development (maturity)?
What conflict is in play?
What is the defining event?
65 - death
Ego integrity v. despair
Reflection on life
True/False.
One can skip certain of Erikson’s stages of development with little impact on the rest.
False.
Think of them as a ladder of sorts.
Name Freud’s three portions of the mind.
Superego
Ego
Id
What cognitive term refers the defense mechanism in which the ego defends itself against unconscious impulses or qualities by denying their existence in themselves and attributing them to others?
Projection
What term refers to a patient projecting irrational feelings from past encounters onto a physician/therapist?
(Ex.: the patient had a bad breakup with someone who looks like the physician, so he treats the physician poorly.)
Transference
What term refers to a physician and/or therapist projecting irrational feelings from past encounters onto a patient?
(Ex.: a physician was mugged by someone who acts like the patient, so she treats the patient poorly.)
Countertransference
Name some of the major newborn reflexes.
Moro
Rooting
Palmar grasp
Babinski
What is the Moro reflex and by what age has it usually disappeared?
‘Embracing reflex’ - letting head drop (or loud stimulus) causes an abduction and then adduction of the arms;
3 months
By what age has the rooting reflex usually disappeared?
4 months
By what age has the Babinski reflex usually disappeared?
12 months
By ____ _________, a newborn can typically raise their head.
By 8 weeks, a newborn can typically raise their head.
By ____ _________, a newborn can typically roll over.
By 4 months, a newborn can typically roll over.
By ____ _________, an infant has typically developed a ‘parachute’ reflex (puts down hand to catch themselves).
By 5 months, an infant has typically developed a ‘parachute’ reflex (puts down hand to catch themselves).
By ____ _________, an infant has typically developed separation anxiety.
By 9 months, an infant has typically developed separation anxiety.
By ____ _________, an infant can typically pull themselves up to a standing position.
By 10 months, an infant can typically pull themselves up to a standing position.
Most infants learn to walk between the ages of ____ and ____ months.
Most infants learn to walk between the ages of 12 and 18 months.
By ____ months, most infants can climb stairs and walk alone.
By 18 months, most infants can climb stairs and walk alone.
By ____ months, most infants can walk down stairs with alternating feet.
By 24 months, most infants can walk down stairs with alternating feet.
Beginning around ____ months, most babies will look where you’re pointing
(Preverbal separation of intention between mother and baby)
Beginning around 4 months, most babies will look where you’re pointing
(Preverbal separation of intention between mother and baby)
By ____ months, most infants have developed a social smile.
By 2 months, most infants have developed a social smile.
By ____ months, most infants recognize their mother.
By ____ months, most infants recognize strangers.
By 3 months, most infants recognize their mother.
By 6 months, most infants recognize strangers.
By ____ months, most infants can wave goodbye.
By 9 months, most infants can wave goodbye.
By ____ months, most infants can come when called and play simple games.
By 12 months, most infants can come when called and play simple games.
By ____ months, most infants will begin using some jargon.
By 15 months, most infants will begin using some jargon.
By ____ months, most infants can begin copying their parents’ tasks.
By 18 months, most infants can begin copying their parents’ tasks.
By ____ years, infants begin asking for food, drink, toilet, etc.
By 2 years, infants begin asking for food, drink, toilet, etc.
By ____ years, a child can become willing/able to purposefully share their toys.
By 3 years, a child can become willing/able to purposefully share their toys.
By ____ years, a child can know their full name and gender.
By 3 years, a child can know their full name and gender.
By ____ years, a child can use the bathroom on their own.
By 4 years, a child can use the bathroom on their own.
By ____ years, a child can play cooperatively in a group.
By 4 years, a child can play cooperatively in a group.
By ____ years, a child can help in household tasks.
By 5 years, a child can help in household tasks.
By ____ years, a child can dress and undress themselves.
By 5 years, a child can dress and undress themselves.
Raprochment first develops between what years?
0 and 3
