BMB 1 - Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

How much of the spinal cord is supplied by the anterior spinal artery?

How much is supplied by the posterior spinal arteries?

A

The anterior 2/3

The posterior 1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The posterior spinal arteries supply which portion(s) of the spinal cord?

A

Dorsal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The anterior spinal arteries supply which portion(s) of the spinal cord?

A

Corticospinal tracts, spinothalamics, etc.

(basically everything but the dorsal columns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the major artery that assists the anterior spinal artery in perfusing the lower half of the spinal cord.

A

Artery of Adamkiewicz

(arteria radicularis magna)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The artery of Adamkiewicz (arteria radicularis magna) comes off which artery at which level?

A

A posterior intercostal artery in the thoracic region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which arteries perfuse the internal capsule (carrying fibers between the cortex and brainstem)?

(They arise from which bilateral, major arteries?)

A

The lenticulostriate arteries

(from the middle cerebral arteries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the purpose of the internal capsule?

A

To connect cortical afferents and efferents to the midbrain

(passing between and interacting with the basal ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True/False.

Strokes involving the lenticulostriate arteries often result in motor and sensory deficits.

A

True.

(due to infarction of the internal capsule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the somatotropic make-up of the internal capsule (from an axial view).

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy typically results in _________ motor neuron symptoms.

A

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy typically results in lower motor neuron symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Partial myelitis typically results in _________ motor neuron symptoms.

A

Partial myelitis typically results in upper motor neuron symptoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which of the following is associated with upper motor neuron symptoms?

Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy

Partial myelitis

A

Partial myelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______________ is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury syndrome

A

Central cord syndrome is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does central cord syndrome of the cervical syndrome typically present?

A

Weakened limbs with upper limbs being weaker than lower limbs

(variable sensory loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True/False

Central cord syndrome has a fairly strong association with syringomyelia (syrinx).

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the S/Sy of the spinal cord damage seen in severe, prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

Subacute combined degeneration

Diminished vibration, touch, and proprioception;

UMN symptoms;

paresthesias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which portions of the spinal cord are damaged in tabes dorsalis (neurosyphilis)?

A

The dorsal columns and roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the spinal shock syndrome sometimes seen following a traumatic transection of the spinal cord?

A

A gradual recovery of reflex (from areflexia or hyporeflexia)

(although motor and sensory function remain lost)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

D____________ (a lack of coordination leading to under- or overshooting in fine motor movements) and D____________ (impairment of alternating movements) are both associated with cerebellar dysfunction.

A

Dysmetria (a lack of coordination leading to under- or overshooting in fine motor movements) and Dysdiadochokinsia (impairment of alternating movements) are both associated with cerebellar dysfunction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

All motor cranial nerve nuclei except the lower face and genioglossus receive corticobulbar input from which laterality (i.e. does the cortex send UMN fibers ipsilaterally or contralaterally to synapse in the cranial nuclei)?

A

Ipsilateral and contralateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which musculature does not receive both ipsilateral and contralateral input from the corticobulbar tracts?

A

The lower face

+

the genioglossus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The lower face and genioglossus receive only _____lateral corticobulbar input.

A

The lower face and genioglossus receive only contralateral corticobulbar input.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lesions of the upper motor neurons (corticobulbar neurons) innervating the motor nuclei of CN VII will lead to what sort of S/Sy?

(Portion(s) of the face and laterality(ies))

A

Contralateral paralysis of the lower face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lesions of the CN VII lower motor neurons will lead to what sort of S/Sy?

(Portion(s) of the face and laterality(ies))

A

Ipsilateral paralysis of the upper and lower face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Why can't the eye close in cases of CN VII palsy?
**Orbicularis oculi** paralysis
26
Bell’s palsy is an older eponym referring to ___________ CN VII palsy, but we now know that most cases are caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Bell’s palsy is an older eponym referring to **_idiopathic_** CN VII palsy, but we now know that most cases are caused by **_H_****_HSV_**.
27
Name some causes of isolated CN VI palsy.
DM, stroke, increased ICP, etc.
28
While damaging CN VI will result in an ipsilateral loss of abduction, what happens when the CN VI nucleus is damaged?
Issues in both eyes (due to the MLF connection); now **neither eye will point towards the side of the lesion**
29
Which nucleus contributes parasympathetics to CN III?
Edinger-Westphal
30
Does ALS affect UMNs or LMNs?
Both
31
Identify which (or both or neither) of the following _do_ decussate: ## Footnote **CN VI** **The medial longitudinal fasciculus** **CN III**
The medial longitudinal fasciculus
32
What effect does a lesion of the right medial longitudinal fasciculus have on eye movement?
**Failure** **of** **left eye adduction** in conjugate gaze with right eye abduction
33
Upon asking a patient to look to their left, their left eye abducts but their right eye remains pointing forward. Where is the lesion likely to be?
The left medial longitudinal fasciculus
34
Neurons from what location innervate the abducens nuclei and subnuclei (the subnuclei control the MLF)?
The paramedian pontine reticular formation
35
What is the effect of a lesion in the PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation)?
Failure to abduct ipsilateral eye
36
A lesion of both the PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation) and also the ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus will result in what?
**Cannot abduct OR adduct ipsilateral eye** or **adduct contralateral eye** ('one-and-a-half syndrome')
37
A patient presents with an eye that points down and out. Further investigation reveals a stroke in the posterior cerebral artery. What is the diagnosis?
**Medial midbrain syndrome** | (Weber syndrome)
38
Identify the mechanism by which the frontal eye fields (Brodmann 8) move the eyes towards an object coming from the leftside of your body.
Right half of retinas see object --\> optic nerves rearrange in optic chiasm --\> right tract sends info. to the right frontal eye --\> the right frontal eye field project to the PPRF --\> the PPRF projects to the abducens nucleus and subnucleus --\> the eyes are turned leftwards to see the object
39
A patient presents with weakness of her upper and lower face plus an inability to abduct the ipsilateral eye. What is the likely pathology?
LMN CN VII palsy + CN VI palsy
40
A patient presents with weakness of her upper and lower face plus an inability to abduct the ipsilateral eye and an inability to adduct the contralateral eye. What is the likely pathology?
LMN CN VII palsy + CN VI nucleus palsy
41
You are likely to note ________________ dissociation in a lumbar puncture of a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome.
You are likely to note **_cyto-alubumino_** dissociation in a lumbar puncture of a patient with Guillain-Barré syndrome.
42
**True/False**. Lacunar strokes are a common form of embolic ischemic stroke that often occurs due to occlusion of the lateral striate feeding the posterior capsule.
True.
43
**True/False**. Lacunar strokes are often characterized entirely by motor deficits.
True.
44
What is the presentation for a medial medulla lesion?
Ipsilateral tongue deviation and contralateral weakness
45
What tracts are affected in a lesion of the medial medulla?
Corticospinal tracts + medial lemniscus tracts + hypoglossal nuclei
46
What tracts are affected in a lesion of the lateral medulla?
Spinothalamic tracts + trigeminothalamic tracts + nucleus ambiguus + vestibular nucleus + inferior cerebellar peduncle
47
Damage to the **right** cerebral peduncle will produce what S/Sy?
**Tongue** deviation to the **left** and **left**-sided **weakness**.
48
Via what mechanism do patients treated for subarachnoid hemorrhage sometimes develop communicating hydrocephalus following treatment?
High [**protein**] from the subarachnoid hemorrhage is **clogging the arachnoid granulations**
49
The posterior thalamus is mainly supplied by which bilateral arteries?
The **posterior cerebral** arteries
50
Polymyositis is mainly ______ cell mediated. Dermatomyositis is mainly ______ cell mediated.
Polymyositis is mainly **_CD8+_** cell mediated. Dermatomyositis is mainly **_CD4+_** cell mediated.
51
Both polymyositis and dermatomyositis show a(n) ___________ CK and a(n) ___________ ESR.
Both polymyositis and dermatomyositis show an **_elevated_** CK and a **_normal_** ESR.
52
A patient presents with dysphagia, a normal serum CK, weakness that spares the deltoids, and inclusion bodies on myocte biopsy. What is the diagnosis?
Inclusion body myositis
53
A patient with stiffness, elevated ESR, and giant cell arteritis likely has what condition?
Polymyalgia rheumatica
54
Myasthenia gravis gets __________ with stimulation.
Myasthenia gravis gets **_worse_** with stimulation.
55
Lambert-Eaton syndrome gets __________ with stimulation.
Lambert-Eaton syndrome gets **_better_** with stimulation.
56
Myasthenia gravis is associated with ____________ (tumor). Lambert-Eaton syndrome is associated with ____________ (tumor).
Myasthenia gravis is associated with **_thymomas_**. Lambert-Eaton syndrome is associated with **_small cell lung carcinomas_**.
57
What term refers to inflammation of the spinal cord?
Myelitis
58
What are the S/Sy of myelitis?
**UMN** signs **T2 hyperintensities** of brain and C-spine **Unsteady** **gate** and **decreased** **vibration** sense
59
An occlusion of the superior branch of the MCA can lead to ________ aphasia.
An occlusion of the superior branch of the MCA can lead to _**production (*Broca's*)**_ aphasia.
60
An occlusion of the inferior branch of the MCA can lead to ________ aphasia.
An occlusion of the inferior branch of the MCA can lead to _**receptive (*Wernicke's*)**_ aphasia.
61
What is "Todd's paralysis"?
Focal paralysis following a seizure
62
Which artery supplies the **basal** **ganglia**? Which artery supplies the anterior limb of the **internal** **capsule**? Which artery supplies the motor and sensory cortex which innervates the **lower extremities**? Which artery supplies the **corpus** **callosum**?
Anterior cerebral Anterior cerebral Anterior cerebral Anterior cerebral
63
Which artery supplies the temporal lobe? Which artery supplies the hippocampus? Which artery supplies Broca's area? Which artery supplies the posterior limb of the internal capsule? Which artery supplies the putamen and globus pallidus? Which artery supplies the cortical structures which innervate the motor and sensory supply to the face and upper extremities?
Middle cerebral Middle cerebral Middle cerebral Middle cerebral Middle cerebral Middle cerebral
64
What visual S/Sy does occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery typically cause?
None
65
What visual S/Sy does occlusion of the middle cerebral artery typically cause?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopia without macular sparing; gaze deviation towards the side of infarction
66
What visual S/Sy does occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery typically cause? What visual S/Sy does occlusion of the middle cerebral artery typically cause?
None Contralateral homonymous hemianopia without macular sparing; gaze deviation towards the side of infarction
67
Tongue fasciculations are pathognomonic for what disease?
ALS
68
Cerebellar strokes cause \_\_\_\_lateral S/Sy.
Cerebellar strokes cause **_ipsi_**lateral S/Sy. (**due to double-crossing**)
69
For a lesion in the corticobulbar tract of the hypoglossal nucleus: UMN lesion will cause deviation _________ the lesion. LMN lesion will cause deviation _________ the lesion.
For a lesion in the corticobulbar tract of the hypoglossal nucleus: UMN lesion will cause deviation **_away_** **_from_** the lesion. LMN lesion will cause deviation **_towards_** the lesion.
70
Golgi tendon organs respond to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Muscle spindles respond to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Golgi tendon organs respond to **_tension_**. Muscle spindles respond to **_stretch_**.
71
Reflex testing (e.g. the patellar reflex) mainly involves ______________ (golgi tendon organs / muscle spindles).
Reflex testing (e.g. the patellar reflex) mainly involves **_muscle spindles_**.
72
In muscle spindles, excessive ________ motor firing leads to increased ________ motor firing.
In muscle spindles, excessive **_gamma_** motor firing (***to*** ***intrafusal fibers***) leads to increased **_alpha_** motor firing (***to extrafusal fibers***).
73
Muscle spindles are __________ to muscle fibers. Golgi tendon organs are __________ with muscle fibers.
Muscle spindles are **_parallel_** to muscle fibers. Golgi tendon organs are **_in line_** with muscle fibers.
74
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ positioning - following injury to a supratentorial location, the **lower** **extremities** are **extended** but **upper** **extremities** are **flexed**.
**_Decorticate_** positioning - following injury to a supratentorial location, the **lower** **extremities** are **extended** but **upper** **extremities** are **flexed**.
75
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ positioning - following injury to a supratentorial location *and midbrain*, the **lower** **extremities** are **extended** and **upper** **extremities** are **extended**.
**_Decerebrate_** positioning - following injury to a supratentorial location *and midbrain*, the **lower** **extremities** are **extended** and **upper** **extremities** are **extended**.