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T2 - Phase 3 - Brain, Mind, and Behavior > BMB 2 - Neurophysiology of Brain Excitability; Cortical Regions and Basal Nuclei Reviews > Flashcards

BMB 2 - Neurophysiology of Brain Excitability; Cortical Regions and Basal Nuclei Reviews Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an electroencephalogram?

A

A continuous record of summed electrical activity in the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

The amplitude of a segment of EEG activity depends on what two factors?

A

Number (of both action potentials and synaptic potentials)

Synchrony (synchronous neuronal firing = higher amplitude)

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3
Q

What are synaptic potentials?

A

The EPSPs and IPSPs summing in the post-synaptic, target neuron

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4
Q

Which contributes more to EEG activity, action potentials or synaptic potentials? (Why?)

A

Synaptic potentials (longer lasting, more synchronous, lower frequency, more synapses than neurons)

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5
Q

Name the brain waves seen on EEG from highest to lowest frequency.

A

Beta (β) > alpha (α) > theta (θ) > delta (δ)

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6
Q

Name the respective brain states in which the following waves are seen on EEG:

Beta –

Alpha –

Theta –

Delta –

A

Name the respective brain states in which the following waves are seen on EEG:

Beta – awake (desynchronous activity)

Alpha – drowsy

Theta – sleep (stage 1)

Delta – sleep (3 and 4)

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7
Q

Name the respective brain waves seen in the following brain states:

Awake, desynchronous activity –

Drowsy; eyes closed –

Stage 1 sleep –

Stage 2 sleep –

Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep –

REM –

A

Name the respective brain waves seen in the following brain states:

Awake, desynchronous activity – Beta

Drowsy; eyes closed – Alpha

Stage 1 sleep – Theta

Stage 2 sleep – Sleep spindles; K complexes

Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep – Delta

REM – Beta

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8
Q

Aging leads to increased sleep irregularity and decreased time spent in which sleep stage(s)?

A

Stages 3 and 4

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9
Q

As one ages, sleep becomes ______ (more/less) irregular and ____creased time is spent in sleep stages 3 and 4.

A

As one ages, sleep becomes more** irregular and **decreased time is spent in sleep stages 3 and 4.

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10
Q

In regards to action potential size, delay, and duration, describe what will happen in an individual’s somatosensory pathway if you provide a brief stimulus to the foot.

A

Longer delay (latency); less sharpness to peak

(Note: useful for infants, comatose patients, and others who cannot report responses.)

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11
Q

Describe the general locations of the various cortical structures of the brain.

A
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12
Q

Name two major cortical lobes which are deep to the superficial cortex.

A

Insula; limbic

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13
Q

Which portion of the frontal cortex is mainly responsible for movement?

A

The primary motor cortex

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14
Q

Which portion of the frontal cortex is mainly responsible for movement planning?

A

The supplementary motor cortex

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15
Q

Which portion of the frontal cortex is mainly responsible for executive function (e.g. regulation of cognitive processes)?

A

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

Which portion of the frontal cortex is mainly responsible for behavioral control (e.g. recognition of appropriate vs. inappropriate behaviors)?

A

The orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

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17
Q

What are the main processing functions of the temporal cortex?

A

Memory

Emotional (fear and anxiety)

Audition (primary auditory cortex)

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18
Q

Which portion of the parietal cortex is largely responsible for guiding planned movements?

A

The posterior parietal region

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19
Q

Which portion of the parietal cortex is largely responsible for spatial reasoning and attention?

A

The posterior parietal region

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20
Q

Which portion of the parietal cortex is largely responsible for typical sensation and higher-order sensation?

A

The primary somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

Which portion of the brain is largely responsible for visuospatial processing, distance/depth perception, and color determination?

A

The occipital cortex

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22
Q

Which portion of the brain is largely responsible for object and face recognition?

A

The occipital cortex

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23
Q

Which non-cortical portion (deep gray matter) of the brain is largely responsible for the intial step in movement initiation?

A

The caudate nucleus

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24
Q

Which non-cortical portion of the brain is largely responsible for motor gating (by inhibiting the thalamus)?

A

The globus pallidus

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25
Q

Which non-cortical portion of the brain is largely responsible for inhibiting movement (by stimulating the globus pallidus)?

A

The subthalamic nuclei

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26
Q

Which non-cortical portion of the brain is largely responsible for sensory gating, signal integration, and relaying of signals to relevant portions of the brain?

A

The thalamus

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27
Q

Which non-cortical portions of the brain are largely responsible for reward sensation and learning?

A

The nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra

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28
Q

Which two non-cortical portions of the brain are largely responsible for memory formation and storage?

A

The hippocampus; the mamillary bodies

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29
Q

The red nucleus is most involved in controlling what function?

A

Movement

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30
Q

What are the main roles of the inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Movement error checking

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31
Q

What is the main role of the dentate nucleus?

A

Cerebellar output

32
Q

What are the main functions of the reticular formation?

A

Motor coordination, exhalation, awareness

33
Q

What structures are largely responsible for integrating visual information?

A

The superior colliculi

34
Q

What structures are largely responsible for integrating auditory information?

A

The inferior colliculi

35
Q

Which nucleus of the brain is a major source of serotonin?

A

The raphe nucleus

36
Q

Which nucleus of the brain is a major source of norepinephrine?

A

The locus coeruleus

37
Q

Which nucleus of the brain is a major source of acetylcholine?

A

The basal nucleus of Meynert

38
Q

What are the major functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinating movement; proprioception

39
Q

What are the major functions of the basal nuclei?

A

Subconscious initiation of movement;

gross motor control (fine-tuning)

40
Q

What are some of the secondary functions of the basal nuclei?

A

Motor learning,

emotional behaviors,

reward and reinforcement,

habit formation

41
Q

What are the three major components of the basal nuclei?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Globus pallidus

42
Q

Describe the anatomy of the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus in relation to the thalamus and amygdala.

A
43
Q

The ventral striatum (of the basal nuclei) is largely made of which structure(s)?

A

The nucleus accumbens

(also, some olfactory function)

44
Q

The dorsal striatum (of the basal nuclei) is largely made of which structure(s)?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

45
Q

Which pathway of the basal nuclei is responsible for initiating movement?

A

Direct

46
Q

Which pathway of the basal nuclei is responsible for inhibiting movement?

A

Indirect

47
Q

Describe the direct pathway of the basal nuclei

A
  1. The cortex / thalamus / substantia nigra pars compacta all stimulate the dorsal striatum (the caudate nucleus and putamen)
  2. The dorsal striatum (the caudate nucleus and putamen) inhibits the medial globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticula
  3. The medial globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticula both inhibit the thalamus; so, inhibiting them increases thalamic activity
48
Q

Describe the indirect pathway of the basal nuclei

A
  1. The striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) inhibits the lateral globus pallidus
  2. The lateral globus pallidus normally inhibits the subthalamic nucleus
  3. The subthalamic nucleus is now free to stimulate the medial globus pallidus, thus inhibiting the thalamus
49
Q

The substantia nigra pars compacta is made of ________________ cells.

A

The substantia nigra pars compacta is made of D1 dopaminergic cells.

50
Q

The substantia nigra pars reticula is made of ________________ cells.

A

The substantia nigra pars reticula is made of GABAnergic cells.

51
Q

What is the major ‘brake’ of the basal nuclei which normally inhibits the thalamus from stimulating the cortex to begin movement?

A

The medial globus pallidus

52
Q

What is the main role of the medial globus pallidus?

A

Inhibition of the thalamus

53
Q

What is the main role of the lateral globus pallidus?

A

Inhibition of the subthalamic nuclei

54
Q

What is the main role of the substantia nigra pars compacta?

What is the main role of the substantia nigra pars reticulata?

A

SNpc — Stimulating the striatum to the direct pathway

SNpr — Inhibition of the thalamus

55
Q

What is the main role of the subthalamic nuclei?

A

To stimulate the medial globus pallidus

56
Q

The basal nuclei interact very closely with which structures of and/or adjacent to the midbrain?

A

The substantia nigra pars reticulata (within the tegmentum)

The subthalamic nuclei (just superior to the midbrain and inferior to the thalamus)

57
Q

The substantia nigra pars compacta is mostly made up of what type of cell?

A

Dopaminergic (D1)

58
Q

The substantia nigra pars reticulata is mostly made up of what type of cell?

A

GABAnergic

59
Q

The main input into the basal nuclei enters via which structures?

A

The caudate nucleus and putamen

(aka the dorsal striatum)

60
Q

The main output from the basal nuclei exits via which structures?

A

The medial globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata

61
Q

Describe the main flow pathway of input into the basal nuclei and subsequent output as information enters and then exits the basal nuclei.

A

Cerebral cortex –> caudate nucleus and putamen –> medial globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata –> thalamus

62
Q

What is the role of the basal nuclei’s relationship to the thalamus in initiating movement?

A

The thalamus tends to stimulate the cortex; the striatum (basal nuclei) either inhibits or stimulates the thalamus in this role

(I.e. the basal nuclei decide if the thalamus will stimulate the cortex or not.)

63
Q

What is the major function of the medial globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata?

A

To inhibit the thalamus’ role in stimulating the cortex

(NOTE: thus, the medial globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata inhibit movement.)

64
Q

The striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) receives afferents from what locations?

A

Cerebral cortex (corticostriatal)

Thalamus (thalamostriatal)

Substantia nigra pars compacta

65
Q

The striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) sends efferents to what locations?

A

Globus pallidus (striopallidal)

Substantia nigra (strionigral)

66
Q

The globus pallidus receives afferents from what locations?

A

Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)

Subthalamic nuclei

67
Q

The globus pallidus sends efferents to what locations?

A

Thalamus (from medial GP)

Subthalamic nuclei (from lateral GP)

68
Q

The substantia nigra receives afferents from what locations?

A

Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen)

69
Q

The substantia nigra sends efferents to what locations?

A

Thalamus

Brain stem nuclei (superior colliculus and pedunculopontine nuclei)

70
Q

Describe the direct (excitatory) pathway of the basal nuclei.

A

The striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) inhibits the medial globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata (which are normally inhibitory)

71
Q

Describe the indirect (inhibitory) pathway of the basal nuclei.

A

The striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) inhibits the lateral globus pallidus, thus freeing the subthalamic nuclei to activate the medial globus pallidus (which is inhibitory to the thalamus)

72
Q

Blood supply to the basal nuclei is mainly delivered via which arteries?

A

Anterior choroidal

Lateral striate (aka lenticulostriate)

Long striate

73
Q

Parkinson’s disease can be thought of as a(n) ___crease in activity in the ____________ basal nuclei pathway.

A

Parkinson’s disease can be thought of as a _de_crease in activity in the _direct_ basal nuclei pathway (due to loss of stimulation of the striatum by the substantia nigra pars compacta).

74
Q

Huntington’s disease can be thought of as a(n) ___crease in activity in the ____________ basal nuclei pathway.

A

Huntington’s disease can be thought of as a _de_crease in activity in the _indirect_ basal nuclei pathway (due to loss of the caudate nuclei GABAnergic effects on the lateral globus pallidus (which inhibits the subthalamic nuclei)).

75
Q

Hemiballismus occurs due to lesions in which structure?

A

The subthalamic nuclei

76
Q

Why do patients with Huntington’s disease show enlarged lateral ventricles on CT or MRI?

A

The caudate normally protrudes into the ventricles as part of the wall

T2 - Phase 3 - Brain, Mind, and Behavior (43 decks)

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