BMB 2 - Multiple Sclerosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

A demyelinating autoimmune disorder characterized by dissemination in space and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the term ‘transverse myelitis’ indicate?

A

Myelin damage (myelitis) that extends horizontally (transversely) across the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the four clinical subtypes of multiple sclerosis?

A

Relapsing-remitting

Primary progressive

Secondary progressive

Progressive-relapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the progression of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the progression of primary progressive multiple sclerosis.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the progression of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the progression of progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name some of the major S/Sy of multiple sclerosis.

A

Fatigue, walking issues, numbness, spasms, pain, depression, SIIN (scanning speech, intention tremor, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, incontinence, nystagmus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In what ways is normal neuronal action affected in multiple sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocyte and axonal damage;

upregulation of NOGO

(NOTE: NOGO is an ‘off-switch’ for myelin production.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In addition to ≥1 symptom being present, a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis requires what else?

A

Dissemination over space and time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does it mean if a patient’s mutiple sclerosis lesions seen on MRI are gadolinium+ (i.e. take up gadolinium)?

A

The lesion occurred within the past 6 weeks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A patient with scanning speech and pain and numbness in certain parts of her body presents with an MRI that shows T2 hyperintensities that are >3mm, ovoid, & perpendicular to the lateral ventricles. What does this indicate?

A

‘Dawson’s fingers’ (a sign of multiple sclerosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True/False.

The lesions seen in multiple sclerosis can present in various portions of the CNS and can also be either gadolinium+ or gadolinium-.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What would an inflammatory panel likely show in a patient with multiple sclerosis?

A

Multiple oligoclonal bands + elevated IgG index

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which form of demyelinating disease typically presents in children as either a post-infection or post-vaccine disorder (typically ~2 weeks later) that shows all gadolinium+ lesions?

A

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which form of demyelinating disease typically presents as the classic radiologic findings of multiple sclerosis but with no clinical symptoms?

A

Radiologically isolated syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common first symptom of multiple sclerosis?

A

Optic neuritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A patient’s first clinical sign of multiple sclerosis (e.g. optic neuritis prior to a diagnosis of MS) is known as what?

A

Clinically isolated syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

True/False.

Multiple sclerosis is evidence of an ongoing condition with dissemination over space and time.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the likely etiology of multiple sclerosis development?

A

Genetic factors + environmental insults (e.g. EBV, low vitamin D, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How long do the non-progressive stages of multiple sclerosis (e.g. the intial stage of relapsing-remitting before the person stops fully recovering; or the beginning of the secondary progressive form before the progressive phase is reached) typically last?

A

~10 years

(I.e. relapsing-remitting MS patients often make complete recoveries between attacks for the first 5-10 years; then they stop making full recoveries. The non-progressive stage of secondary progressive MS typically also lasts ~10 years.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a multiple sclerosis ‘relapse?’

A

An event characterized by focal neurologic symptoms (e.g. double-vision) that escalates over ~3-5 daysplateaurecovery

23
Q

How is primary progressive multiple sclerosis treated?

A

Ocrelizumab (anti-CD20)

24
Q

How is secondary progressive multiple sclerosis treated?

A

Siponimod (S1P1)

Cladribine (inhibits DNA synthesis)

25
How is progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis treated?
Disease-modifying therapies (e.g. interferon, natalizumab, S1P1 agents, etc.)
26
The progressive forms of multiple sclerosis are characterized by a slow, insidous increase in symptom severity, usually affecting \_\_\_\_\_\_ing and ____________ first.
The progressive forms of multiple sclerosis are characterized by a slow, insidous increase in symptom severity, usually affecting **_walk**_ing and _**balance_** first.
27
**True/False**. Specific immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis (e.g. DMTs) are preventive, but don’t necessarily cause improvement.
**True**.
28
Optimal Vitamin ______ levels in pediatric cases of multiple sclerosis are as protective as **glatiramer** **acetate** (40% lesion reduction).
Optimal Vitamin **_D_** levels in pediatric cases of multiple sclerosis are as protective as **glatiramer** **acetate** (40% lesion reduction).
29
There are several options for treating patients with multiple sclerosis to avoid injury (e.g. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), improve conduction (e.g. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_), and improve energy supply (e.g. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_).
There are several options for treating patients with multiple sclerosis to avoid injury (e.g. **_disease-modifying therapies**_ improve conduction (e.g. _**dalfamprodine**_) and improve energy supply (e.g. _**biotin_**​)
30
Name some of the methods of multiple sclerosis management.
Disease-modifying therapy Vitamin D supplementation Nutrition and exercise Sleep counseling and therapeutic community Stress management
31
Via what mechanisms do interferons treat multiple sclerosis?
Pro- to anti-inflammatory shift (TH1 to TH2)
32
Fingolimod and siponimod treat multiple sclerosis by interacting with which receptor? How are these medications administered?
S1P1 per oral
33
How does natalizumab treat multiple sclerosis?
Anti-alpha4-integrin --- preventing T cell migration across the blood-brain barrier
34
How do ocrelizumab and alemtuzumab treat multiple sclerosis?
**B cell depletion** (anti-CD20 and anti-CD52, respectively)
35
What is a contraindication to natalizumab use in patients with multiple sclerosis?
**JC virus infection** (may result in progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy)
36
What are the two major dangers of mitoxantrone usage in treating multiple sclerosis?
**Cardiomyopathy** (10%!) and therapy-related **acute** **leukemia**
37
A patient presents with blurry vision, color-vision decrease, and pain behind her eyes. Assuming this is a clinically isolated syndrome (aka the first sign of multiple sclerosis), what is the likely initial diagnosis?
Optic neuritis
38
What are some of the S/Sy associated with optic neuritis?
Blurry vision, color-vision decrease, pain behind the eye
39
A multiple sclerosis patient presents with blurred vision, weakness, and numbness. Where do you suspect their major lesions are?
The brainstem
40
A multiple sclerosis patient presents with spasticity, bladder incontinence, weakness, and numbness. Where do you suspect their major lesions are?
The spinal cord
41
A multiple sclerosis patient presents with tremor, vertigo, and repeated falling. Where do you suspect their major lesions are?
The cerebellum
42
Patients with multiple sclerosis sometimes feel an ‘electric’ sensation go up or down their spine when their neck is flexed (sometimes requires a striking of the cervical region while the head is bent forward). What is the name of this sign?
Lhermitte’s sign
43
Name two categories of disorders that have a broad array of overlap with multiple sclerosis; i.e., presenting with optic neuritis, myelitis, and MRI findings.
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein -associated disorder
44
A patient with multiple sclerosis -like symptoms presents with anti-AQP4 antibodies in serum. What disorder does this indicate?
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
45
Area postrema syndrome is mostly seen in which multiple sclerosis -like disorder?
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
46
Why does neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder sometimes result in area postrema syndrome?
There is a high concentration of aquaporin-4 in the circumventricular organs ## Footnote *(NMOSD is characterized by anti-AQ4 antibodies)*
47
A patient with multiple sclerosis -like symptoms presents with anti-MOG antibodies in serum. What disorder does this indicate?
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein -associated disorder
48
What disorder is similar to multiple sclerosis and presents with motor, sensory, bladder, and bowl symptoms and involves \> 3 spinal segments?
Longitudinally exstensive transverse myelitis (MS exhibits transverse myelitis but not longitudinally as in NMOSD or MOGAD)
49
Is bilateral optic neuritis more common in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein -associated disorder?
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein -associated disorder
50
Multiple sclerosis is an oligodendrocytopathy while neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_pathy.
Multiple sclerosis is an oligodendrocytopathy while neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is an **_astrocyto_**pathy.
51
1. Which of the following is associated with internuclear ophthalmoplegia? 2. Which is associated with edema? 3. Which is associated with area postrema syndrome? **_Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder_** **_Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein -associated disorder_**
1. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder 2. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder 3. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
52
Which form of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein -associated disorder is seen in children?
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
53
What CSF findings would indicate neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein -associated disorder instead of multiple sclerosis?
**High WBC** concentration **High protein** concentration **Low** rate of **oligoclonal bands**