BMB 3 - Adverse Childhood Events Flashcards
What are the three main categories of adverse childhood events?
- Abuse (physical, emotional, and/or sexual)
- Household challenges (domestic violence, substance abuse, mental illness, parental divorce/separation/incarceration)
- Neglect (emotional and/or physical)
Describe the progression of events that often occurs in leading children who face multiple adverse childhood events to an earlier death than would be otherwise expected.
True/False.
Adverse childhood events and negative outcomes follow a dose-response relationship. As the ACE score goes up, the percentage of people with health and social problems also goes up.
True.
Long-term adverse childhood outcomes are often better predicted by the ________ (number/type) of risk factors rather than the ________ (number/type) of risk factors.
Long-term adverse childhood outcomes are often better predicted by the number of risk factors rather than the type of risk factors.
(This is the _cumulative risk model_.)
Having _____ or more adverse childhood events drastically increases one’s risk of a host of developmental, social, physical, and mental issues.
Having 4 or more adverse childhood events drastically increases one’s risk of a host of developmental, social, physical, and mental issues.
Having ≥ 4 ACEs is associated with an increase in the likelihood of what sorts of mental and behavioral issues?
Developmental delay;
smoking, alcohol, and substance abuse;
depression, poor self-rated health, suicide;
multiple sexual partners (≥50 sexual intercourse partners), sexually transmitted disease
Having ≥ 4 ACEs is associated with an increase in the likelihood of what sorts of physical health issues?
Heart disease and stroke;
chronic lung disease,
diabetes, liver disease
cancer;
injuries;
HIV, STDs;
How much is average life expectancy likely to change if an individual has experienced more than 5 adverse childhood events?
-20 years
(For comparison: smoking = -10 years; obesity = -7 years, diabetes = -8 years, hypertension = -5 years)
What proportion of the population have experienced more than 4 adverse childhood events?
1/8
What term refers to the condition when a single factor increases risk for a variety of outcomes?
Equifinality
(Example: Maternal depression increases the risk for the following in the child: insecure attachment, language and cognitive delays, emotion regulation problems, behavioral problems, and socio-interactive problems.)
What term refers to the condition when multiple factors all increase risk for a certain outcome?
Multifinality
(Example: Insecure attachment, maternal depression, difficult temperament, and parental conflict all increase the risk for aggression in preschoolers.)
Name a few risk factors associated increased likelihood of a child experiencing adverse childhood events.
Poverty,
parental mental illness,
parental substance abuse,
abuse/neglect,
teenage parenthood,
low birthweight
Children exposed to ≥____ risk factors for adverse childhood events are 4 times more likely to have developmental delays.
Children exposed to ≥ 4 risk factors for adverse childhood events are 4 times more likely to have developmental delays.
Describe the relationship between the number of risk factors for adverse childhood events that a child faces and the likelihood that the child experiences some developmental delay.
One study of adverse childhood events surveyed 17,000+ mostly white, middle-class, college-educated 19-24 year olds.
What percent reported physical abuse?
Emotional abuse?
Sexual abuse?
25%
10%
20%
One study of adverse childhood events surveyed 17,000+ mostly white, middle-class, college-educated 19-24 year olds.
What percent reported physical neglect?
Emotional neglect?
10%
15%
True/False.
Adverse childhood events are much, much more common than one might expect.
True.
67% of the population has at least one.
Adverse childhood events are highly interrelated. When there was one ACE, there was an ____% likelihood that at least one of the other 9 ACEs also occurred.
Adverse childhood events are highly interrelated. When there was one ACE, there was an 87% likelihood that at least one of the other 9 ACEs also occurred.
Describe the findings of the Philadelphia Urban ACE Survey in regards to sexual, emotional, and physical abuse.
1/6 reported sexual abuse
1/3 reported physical and/or emotional abuse
What did the Philadelphia Urban ACE Survey discover in terms of racial differences in experience of adverse childhood events?
Black respondents reported the following:
- more urban ACEs
- higher rates of sexual abuse and physical neglect
- 2x greater likelihood of witnessing violence
White respondents reported the following:
- higher rates of emotional abuse
What does it mean when we talk about sensitive periods of brain development?
The brain is prewired to ‘expect’ certain experiential stimuli that influence proper development
Experience-________ development refers to the need for specific stimuli that must occur at specific times in order to have the desired effect on brain development.
(Example: the acquisition of language, visual perception, and ability to form attachments all must be stimulated at the proper time or they become impossible.)
Experience-expected development refers to the need for specific stimuli that must occur at specific times in order to have the desired effect on brain development.
(Example: the acquisition of language, visual perception, and ability to form attachments all must be stimulated at the proper time or they become impossible.)
Experience-________ development refers to the ability to learn new information throughout one’s life and apply it to those abilities and beliefs already learned.
(Example: the ability to improve upon the quality of one’s relationships.)
Experience-dependent development refers to the ability to learn new information throughout one’s life and apply it to those abilities and beliefs already learned.
(Example: the ability to improve upon the quality of one’s relationships.)
The highest number of sensitive periods of cognitive development peak around ____ years of age.
The highest number of sensitive periods of cognitive development peak around 2 years of age.
