Blood 2 Flashcards
Global white cell deficiency called?
leukopenia
not enough platelets?
thrombocytopenia
not enough neutrophils or lymphocytes?
neutropenia
lymphopenia
not enough red cells?
anaemia
too much platlets?
thrombocytosis
what does dyserythropoiesis?
red cells not functioning properly
too much white cells?
leukocytosis
what do measure to judge Anaemia?
Hb rather than RBC count
level is age and gender matched
too much white cells?
leukocytosis
what is the tissue O2 delivery equation we must know?
COx Hb x %Satn x 1.34
3 things you use to resuscitate O2 delivery problems?
- Blood
- Inotropes
- Oxygen
Cardiac output compensation in anemia depends on?
time
slower onset = better compensation
6 signs of anaemia
- pale
- lethargic
- failure to thrive
- hypoxic
- ischaemic
- tachycardic
3 causes of anaemia?
- failure in production
- more destruction
- inappropriate production
what is a hypochromic red cell?
low Hb
what is polychromasia?
RBC contains RNA: pushed out of the bone marrow too early
2 levels of anaemia classification?
- Regen/Aregen
2. Mirco, normo, macrocytic
what are 2 signs of the blood of increased production?
- reticulocytes
2. polychromasia
what are 3. signs of increased destruction?
- jaundice
- haptoglobins
- LDH
2 kinds of blood loss?
overt (can see)
covert (hidden in a cavity or organ?)
2 main causes of haemolysis or red cells?
Internal factors
External factors
3 INTERNAL structures affecting haemolysis of red cells
- membrane
- enzyme
- Hb
Ddx of Hb internal structure affecting haemolysis of red cells?
Thalassemia
Sickle Cell
Ddx of membrane internal structure affecting haemolysis of red cells?
hereditary spherocytosis
Ddx of Enzyme internal structure affecting haemolysis of red cells?
G6PD
3 EXTERNAL structures affecting haemolysis of red cells
- Immune mediated
- mechanical
- infection
Ddx of infection external affecting haemolysis of red cells?
malaria via plasmodium parasite
Ddx of mechanical external affecting haemolysis of red cells?
sepsis
hardware
Ddx of immune external affecting haemolysis of red cells?
autoimmune, alloimmune (+ve agglutination tests)
3 causes of failure of production RBCs
- haematinics
- marrow failure/suppression
- marrow invasion
2 conditions caused by haematinic deficiency:
Microcytic: diet, iron deficiency/blood loss
Macrocytic: B12/Folate deficiency
when to use aspirate vs. trephine?
aspirate: leukaemia
trephine: solid tumour to see architecture
ABO located on which chromosome?
19
blood groups of different systems can be 4 things:
- proteins
- glycolipids
- oligosaccharides
- combos
Rh factor natural immunity?
Nope. need exposure
ABO groups natural immunity?
Yep. Don’t need pre-exposure
what do ABO genes add to H-substance?
sugars that convert H-antigen to either A or B or combo or none
what are genotypes of Rh positive?
DD, Dd
Rh negative genotype?
dd
Rh gene on which chromosome?
1
Someone with blood group A needs plasma: what are their options?
Plasma from A, AB
Plasma universal donor?
AB
Plasma universal acceptor?
O
Someone with blood type AB needs plasma, what are their options?
only from someone who was AB
Someone with blood type O needs plasma, what are their options?
A,B,AB, O people who donated plasma
Someone with blood type B needs plasma, what are their options?
B, AB
Rh -ve mom has Rh+ve baby, what to do?
Give mom Anti-D so it mops up any Rh antibodies to protect against future pregs
