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S&D1 > Block 1a-start here > Flashcards

Block 1a-start here Flashcards

1
Q

What is molarity of 0.9% NaCl solution?

What is the osmolarity?

A

154 mmol/L

308 mOsm/L

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2
Q

What is the osmotic pressure of NaCl? in mmHg

A

19.3 mmHg

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3
Q

What is not related to the size, molecular weight, and chemical composition?

A

Osmotic Pressure

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4
Q

Osmotic Pressure is related to the number of what?

A

particles dissolved in the chemicals consitution

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5
Q

Sigma 0 means:

Sigma 1 means:

With respect to osmosis

A

0 is no water movement

1 is no water movement

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6
Q

Concentration is what divided by what?

A

Mass/volume

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7
Q

Whole blood volume = plasma volume / (1- what)

A

What is hematocrit

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8
Q

What do babies not have that adults do have that spits back foreign material?

A

P-glycoprotein

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9
Q

Eplipesy meds can cause what other cross reaction with medications?

A

oral contraceptives

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10
Q

Chloramphenicol is inhibited by what drug?

A

Phenytoin

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11
Q

What does grapefruit juice, chili pepper, liquorice, olive oil, garlic, and red wine inhibit?

A

CYP3A4

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12
Q

What induces CYP?

A

St. John’s Wort, an anti-depressant herbal medication

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13
Q

What is modulated with St. John’s Wort, grapefruit, and green tea?

A

P-glycoprotein

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14
Q

What is the CYP3A4 modified by via patients?

A

ethnic differences, diet

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15
Q

What does the alkalisation of urine increase the excretion of?

A

weakly acidic ligands

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16
Q

What does the acidificaiton of urine cause the excretion of?

A

weak basic ligands

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17
Q

What does Gs produce?

A

increase cAMP and PKA

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18
Q

Gq makes phosolipase C and what else?

A

IP3 which makes Calcium and DAG which makes PKC

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19
Q

Another name for competitive and non-competitive terms are what?

A

reversible and non-reversible

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20
Q

Allosteric binds what and changes what?

A

the non binding site changes the binding site

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21
Q

Potentiation decreases the what?

Antagonism increases the what?

A

potency

potency

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22
Q

any response to a drug that is noxious and unintended and that occurs at any dose in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis or therapy of disease or for modification of physiological function

A

adverse drug reaction

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23
Q

What type of drug classification is augmented?

ADR: undesirable effects expected are what type?

What type of problems are there?

A

Type A

Remember Dose Dependent here

Side effects, secondary effects, toxicity

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24
Q

Drug classification cannot be predicated

ADR unexpected effects expected are what type?

A

Type B, bizzare

Hypersensitivity, Genetically determined adverse effects, Idiosyncartic response (1:10,000)

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25
What does idiosyncratic mean?
Not sure when will happen
26
Gastritis is always associated with what drug type? How is this counteracted?
NSAIDS Take with food
27
Dicyclomine, Promethazine, and NSAIDS are used for what
treat mild side effects
28
What type of drug is predictable, dose dependent, responsible for a t least 2/3 ADR? What are the two types of these drugs?
Type A-dose dependent Propranolol and anticholinergics
29
What type of drug classification can not be predictable, idiosyncratic (genetic maybe), and unpredictable? What are examples?
Type B-genetic Chloramphenicol and aplastic anemia
30
What type of drug classification is associated with long term use, involves dose accumulation? What are examples of this?
Type C Phenacetin, and antimalarial
31
What are the delayed effects (in terms of drug classification) that has carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity drug classification? What is example?
Type D -> slow poison Dose independent Thalomide, used for morning sickness, big problems
32
Type E is _______, example, must taper the drug down, otherwise people will have what? What type of drug classification is this form?
End of use: withdrawl symptoms corticosteroid, added outside steroid, stress hormone, cause problems bad symptoms
33
What are ADR risk factors?
Age, multiple medications, altered physiology, multiple co-morbid, long term dose
34
What two drugs cause idiosyncratic malignant hyperthermia?
Halothane and suxamethoniun
35
What type of drug reaction causes sunburn, erythema, edema, blistering, hyperpigmentation, and desquamation? Drug accumulated in the skin
phototoxic
36
What type of drug induce cell mediated immune response? What are an examples?
Photoallergic sulfonamides, sulfonylureas, and griseofulvin
37
What type of drug can causes cleft lip?
Phenytoin, used to treat seizures/epilpesy
38
What are the two main broad spectrum drugs?
Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline
39
Thalidomide, anticancer, and androgens are what types of drugs?
Teratogenicitic
40
What type of drugs can cause idiosyncratic haemolytic anemia?
oxidizing agents, aminoquinolines, sulphonamides
41
Acute porphyria is caused by what idiosyncratic reaction?
A large number of CNS drugs, and some anti-microbial agents
42
Teratogen is worse during different what?
trimesters
43
what refers to adverse effects or complications caused by or resulting from medical treatment or advice (drug-or-physician induced adverse effects)
Iatrogenesis
44
What are examples of drug dependence problems?
Tolerance, psychological dependence, physical dependence
45
``` The science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems ```
Pharmacovigilance
46
Up till the present day, national and international ‘‘_______________’’ for suspected ADEs have been a major source of information in pharmacovigilance.
spontaneous reporting system
47
in addition, certain uncharacteristic or bizarre drug effects due to peculiarities of an individual (for which no definite ______has been described),
Idiosyncrasy genotype
48
Idiosyncracy has barbituates as an example, they can cause what?
excitement, mental confusion suppose to cause anesthesia, and treat seizures
49
What drug reaction can cause steroid induced diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis and drug induced parkinsons?
Iatrogenesis
50
What are the signs and symptoms of poison?
Dizziness, Vomiting, pain, and headaches
51
Hemodialysis: corrects fluid and _______ imbalance, when is this done?
electrolyte Methanol, or salicylate intoxication
52
The antidote for acetaminophen is?
acetylcysteine
53
The antidote for anticholinesterases, organophosphates carbamates?
Atropine
54
What is the antidote membrane depressant cardiotoxic drugs?
Bicarbonate
55
What is antidote for fluoride, calcium channel blockers?
Calcium
56
What is the antidote for digoxin and other related cardiac glycosides?
Digoxin antibodies
57
What is the antidote for theophylline, caffeine, metaproterenol?
Esmolol
58
What is the antidote for methanol, ethylene glycol?
ethanol
59
What is the antidote for beta blockers?
glucagon
60
What is the antidote for cyanide?
Hydroxocobalamin
61
What is the antidote for narcotic drugs, other opioid derivatives?
naloxone (maybe narcane)
62
What is the antidote carbon monoxide?
oxygen
63
What is the antidote for antimuscarinic anticholinergic agents?
Physostigmine
64
What is the antidote for organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors?
Pralidoxime
65
What is the antidote for heparin?
protamine sulfate
66
What type of hormone is intracellular?
estrogen
67
What type of hormone uses tyrosine kinase?
Insulin
68
What type of hormone uses Jak Kinase?
Prolactin
69
What type of sympathetic drug is G-protein linked?
Adrenalin
70
What type of signaling does GABA use?
ion channel

S&D1 (17 decks)

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