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DAT > Biology - Respiration > Flashcards

Biology - Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

the utilization of oxygen

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2
Q

what is external respiration?

A

entrance of air into lungs & gas exchange between alveoli and blood

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3
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

exchange of gas between the blood and the cells

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4
Q

how are photosynthesis and respiration related?

A

photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy; respiration converts this chemical energy into energy needed for living cell processes

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5
Q

what type of bond can release the most amount of energy?

A

C-H bond

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6
Q

what is the stable product of respiration? (little available energy)

A

CO2

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7
Q

is dehydrogenation oxidizing or reducing?

A

oxidizing

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8
Q

when oxygen accepts the hydrogen, this is…. oxidizing or reducing?

A

reducing

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9
Q

why is the electron transport chain beneficial in terms of energy production?

A

it allows for more energy to be harnessed

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10
Q

name the two stages of glucose catabolism

A

glycolysis and cellular respiration

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11
Q

what 3 things happen in glycolysis?

A

glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvate; ATP is produced; NAD+ is reduced to NADH

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12
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

how many molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate are made from each molecule of glucose?

A

2

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14
Q

how many ATP are used to make 2 molecules of pyruvate? how many are produced?

A

2 are used and 4 are produced (so the net = 2)

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15
Q

why is glycolysis considered a substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is made directly coupled with glycolysis without the use of intermediate molecule like NAD+

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16
Q

how many NADH are made from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

A

2 (one from each PGAL)

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17
Q

what two ways can the energy stored in pyruvate be accessed?

A

aerobic respiration (cellular respiration where it is oxidized) or anaerobic respiration (fermentation where it is reduced)

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18
Q

what must be generated for pyruvate to continue without O2?

A

NAD+

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19
Q

how is NAD+ regenerated?

A

pyruvate is reduced into ethanol or lactic acid

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20
Q

how many ATP are made from one glucose molecule in fermentation?

A

2

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21
Q

two organisms that use alcohol fermentation?

A

yeast and bacteria

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22
Q

summarize alcohol fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol, NAD+ is regenerated and glycolysis is able to continue

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23
Q

where does lactic acid fermentation take place?

A

fungi, bacteria, human muscles

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24
Q

what happens to pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation?

A

reduced to lactic acid

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25
Q

how many ATP are yielded in cellular (aerobic) respiration?

A

36-38

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26
Q

what is the final electron accepter in cellular respiration?

A

oxygen

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27
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

mitochondria of eukaryotes

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28
Q

3 stages of cellular respiration:

A

pyruvate decarboxylation, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain

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29
Q

what happens in pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

pyruvate from glycolysis is transported into mitochondria where it loses a CO2 group and the acetyl group is transferred to form acetyl CoA.

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30
Q

when is acetyl CoA formed?

A

pyruvate decarboxylation

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31
Q

what happens to NAD+ in pyruvate decarboxylation?

A

it is reduced to NADH

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32
Q

when does citric acid cycle start?

A

when acetyl group of acetyl CoA combine with oxaloacetate….. 6 carbon citrate forms

33
Q

how many CO2 molecules are produced in citric acid cycle?

A

4

34
Q

how many ATP, NADH and FADH2 are made in the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP; 6 NADH; 2 FADH2

35
Q

where is the ETC located?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

36
Q

is the ETC substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

37
Q

each carrier in the ETC is reduced when what happens?

A

as it accepts an electron

38
Q

how many ATP are made in one turn of the citric acid cycle?

A

1

39
Q

total number of ATP made from substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

4 ATP (2 from glycolysis, 2 from citric acid cycle)

40
Q

how many ATP does one NADH molecule make?

A

3

41
Q

how many ATP does one FADH2 molecule make?

A

2

42
Q

how many ATP are made from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

32 ATP

43
Q

when are 38 ATP molecules made?

A

in glucose catabolism in prokaryotes

44
Q

order to energy sources when glucose is low:

A

carbs, fat, protein

45
Q

what hydrolyzes fat when it is needed for energy?

A

lipases hydrolyze fat into FAs and glycerol

46
Q

glycerol from fat can be oxidized into what?

A

PGAL (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)

47
Q

once fatty acids are activated they enter into….

A

the mitochondria

48
Q

what process do FAs undergo in the mitochondria?

A

beta-oxidation

49
Q

what happens in beta-oxidation?

A

FAs are converted into acetyl CoA which then enters into the Krebs Cycle

50
Q

how many NADH and FADH2 molecules are made from one beta-oxidation rotation?

A

1 of each

51
Q

what high-energy compound holds the most energy?

A

fat

52
Q

what is a transamination reaction?

A

proteins exchange an amino group for a ketone group

53
Q

what do proteins become when being used for energy?

A

keto acids

54
Q

what is oxidative deamination?

A

ammonia molecule is removed from a protein

55
Q

what is ammonia converted to in humans for excretion?

A

urea

56
Q

what is converted to what in photosynthesis?

A

CO2 and H20 are made into glucose and oxygen

57
Q

where does photosynthesis take place in plants?

A

chloroplasts

58
Q

do bacteria have chloroplasts?

A

no

59
Q

is photosynthesize oxidation or reduction?

A

reduction

60
Q

what are the light reactions of photosynthesis?

A

solar energy is converted to ATP and NADPH

61
Q

what are the dark reactions of photosynthesis?

A

carbon fixation (CO2 is incorporated into molecules)

62
Q

what part of the chloroplast absorbs photons of light?

A

chlorophylls

63
Q

what happens when chlorophylls absorbs photons?

A

electrons are excited to a higher level

64
Q

what is produced in cyclic phosphorylation?

A

ATP from ADP and Pi

65
Q

in noncyclic phosphorylation, the high energy electrons don’t return to 9700. what happens instead?

A

they are transferred to NADP+ to make NADPH

66
Q

net results of noncyclic electron flow:

A

NADPH, ATP and photolysis of water

67
Q

the dark reactions use ATP and NADPH produced by light reactions to do what?

A

reduce CO2 to carbohydrates

68
Q

what is the product of the Calvin Cycle

A

phosphoglyceraldehyde from CO2 (3 turns)

69
Q

compare the Calvin Cycle to the Kreb’s Cycle:

A

CO2 is fed to Calvin Cycle/Kreb’s produces CO2;
NADPH reducing power is used in CC/ NADH is used in Kreb’s;
energy is used in Calvin/energy is made in Kreb’s

70
Q

what is the end product of photosynthesis?

A

phosphoglyceric acid (PGAL)

71
Q

how do cnidarians (protozoa and hydra) respirate?

A

simple diffusion through membrane

72
Q

how do annelids respirate?

A

cutaneous respiration when circulation brings O2 to cells and CO2 to the skin for excretion

73
Q

how do arthropods respirate?

A

trachea reach the surface in spiracles. NO O2 carrier.

74
Q

where does gas exchange between the air in the lungs and the blood in the circ. system happen in humans?

A

across the alveoli

75
Q

what is the purpose of ventilation?

A

take in O2 and eliminate CO2

76
Q

what increases during inhalation?

A

thoracic cavity volume…less pressure in the lungs

77
Q

what regulates ventilation?

A

medulla oblongata which stimulates the intercostal muscles/diaphragm

78
Q

oxygen goes from the alveoli to the blood; CO2 goes from…

A

the blood to the alveoli to be exhaled from the body

79
Q

what prevents the surface tension of water on the alveoli from causing a lung to collapse?

A

pulmonary surfactant which helps improve pulmonary compliance/elasticity

DAT (15 decks)

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