Biology - Classification Flashcards
what does taxonomy consider?
evolutionary relationships; structures, genetic makeup, modes of excretions, movement and digestion, etc.
subdivisions of classification from biggest to smallest:
kindgom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
what does the scientific name of an organism contain?
genus and species
why are viruses often considered nonliving organisms?
they do not carry out physiological or biochemical processes outside of their host
two types of viral life cycles:
lytic and lysogenic
what do you call bacteria that exclusively infect bacteria?
bacteriophages
what are monerans? what do they lack?
prokaryotes (like bacteria); they lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
how do monerans reproduce?
asexually
what does the protist kingdom contain?
primitive eukaryotic organism with both plant and animal characteristics
what do protists contain?
single cells or colonies of similar cells with no differentiation of tissues
why are fungi considered non photosynthetic?
they are multicellular, differentiated and nonmotile
what are the cell walls of fungi made of?
chitin (not cellulose like in plants)
two kinds of fungi:
saprophytic (bread mold) and parasitic (athlete’s foot)
what does the plant kingdom include?
multicellular organism with differentiated tissues; they are nonmotile and photosynthetic
where do cyanobacteria live?
mostly in freshwater but also in marine environments
what do cyanobacteria have? what don’t they have?
they have cell walls and photosynthetic pigments; they don’t have mitochondria, nucleus, flagella or chloroplasts
what kind of DNA do bacteria have?
single stranded circular loop of DNA; not enclosed by nuclear membrane
what are the 3 morphological classifications of bacteria:
cocci (round), bacilli (rods) and spirilla (spiral)
what are the 3 forms of bacteria?
diplo- (duplexes); staphylo- (clusters); strepto- (chains)
what are protists?
eukaryotes with membrane bound nucleus and organelles
two main categories of protists:
protozoa and algae
what are protozoans?
heterotrophic, unicellular organisms
what are algae? main example?
photosynthetic; Euglena
what kind of algae are sometimes called multicellular?
blue, red and green
how are fungi different from plants?
all fungi are heterotrophs
how do fungi get their food?
they absorb it from the environment
how do fungi reproduce?
asexual sporulation
examples of fungi?
mushrooms, yeast and lichens
characteristics of ALL plants:
multicellular, autotrophs, photosynthetic and non-motile
what do waxy cuticles of plants do?
minimize water loss while allowing light to be transmitted
where do bryophytes live?
moist places because they have no water-conducting woody material (xylem)
what is the dominant generation of bryophytes?
gametophyte
what are the two types of bryophytes?
liverworts and mosses
what are tracheophytes?
vascular plants with xylem and phloem; they have roots and not rhizoids
what kind of symmetry do tracheophytes have?
radial
what is the dominant generation of vascular plants?
sporophytes
4 types of vascular plants:
psilophyta; lycophyta; sphenophyta; pterophyta
what kind of vascular plant is a fern?
pterophyte
where are the spores of a fern?
on the underside of the leaf in sporangium
what are the largest groups of gymnosperms?
conifers
what are gymnosperms?
naked seed plants
what kind of spores do female cones make? male cones?
female make megaspores and male make microspores
what falls under the division anthophyta?
angiosperms
what part of angiosperm makes megaspores?
the ovary of the pistil
what part of angiosperm makes microspores?
the anther of the stamen
what are dicotyledon examples?
maple, apple trees, potatoes, carrots, goldenrods, buttercups
what are monocot examples?
wheat, corn rye, rice, sugar cane, pineapple, irises, bananas
all animals except parasites like tapeworms……
ingest bulk foods, digest them and then eliminate the waste
most animals have what kind of symmetry?
bilateral
what animals have radial symmetry?
cnidarians and echinoderms
what are porifera?
sponges
what are the characteristics of sponges?
two layers of cells, pores and sessile, low specialization of cells
what are the two layers of cells called in cnidarians?
ectoderm and endoderm
examples of cnidarians?
hydra, jellyfish, coral, anemone
what is the symmetry of flatworms/platyhelminthes?
bilateral
how many cell layers do flatworms have?
3 including the mesoderm
do flatworms have a circulatory system?
no
what are nematoda?
roundworms
do nematodes have a circulatory system?
no
what kind of nervous system do round worms have?
nerve cords and an anterior nerve ring
what are annelida?
segmented worms
what do segmented worms have?
coelom (true body cavity)
what kind of exoskeleton do mollusks have?
calcium carbonate from the mantle
what kind of exoskeleton do arthropods have?
chitin
what kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?
open
3 classes of arthropods?
insects, arachnids and crustaceans
what do insects have?
3 pairs of legs, spiracles, tracheal tubes
what do arachnids have?
pairs of legs and book lungs
what do crustaceans have?
segmented body and variable number of appendages and gills
what are echinoderms? symmetry?
spiny, radial symmetry and have a water-vascular system
what does evolutionary show from echinoderms?
that they are linked to chordates
what is the characteristic of chordate?
stiff dorsal rod called the notochord
what are lancelets and tunicates?
chordate but not vertebrates (notochord but no back bones)
what are the 5 classes of vertebrates?
amphibians, reptiles, fish, birds and mammals
what do vertebrates have the chordates don’t have?
they have bones that form the backbone
what do all fish have?
2 chambered heart, gills, and external fertilization
example of jawless fish
lamprey and hagfish of the class Agnatha
what are cartilaginous fish?
have jaws and teeth with a reduced notochord
example of cartilaginous fish?
shark
where is the larval stage of amphibians found? how?
in the water with no legs but with gills and a tail
characteristics of adult amphibians:
3 chambered heart, no tail, two pairs of legs, lungs, no scales, external fertilization
examples of amphibians:
frog, salamander, toad and newt
characteristic of reptiles:
on land, lungs, eggs, internal fertilization, cold blooded, scales, 3 chambered heart
example of reptiles
turtle, lizard, snake and crocodile
what kind of heart do birds have?
4 chambered heart and they are warm blooded
what are mammals?
warm-blooded and feed young with milk from mammary glands
what are monetremes?
lay eggs, horny bills and have mammary glands with many openings but no nipples
example of monetremes?
platypus and anteater
what are marsupials?
pouched animals; have nipples
examples of marsupials?
opossum and kangaroo
what are placental mammals?
embryos develop fully in the uterus
examples of placental mammals:
bats, whale, mouse, humans
