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DAT > Biology- Endocrinology > Flashcards

Biology- Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones secreted into?

A

circulatory system

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2
Q

what do exocrine glands secrete?

A

substance into ducts

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3
Q

what kind of glands secrete hormones?

A

endocrine glands

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4
Q

what do peptide hormones bind to?

A

specific extracellular receptors

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5
Q

what does adenylate cyclase catalyze?

A

conversion of ATP to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate)

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6
Q

what does cAMP do?

A

relays messages from extracellular peptide hormone to cytoplasmic enzymes

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7
Q

what is cAMP?

A

cyclic AMP which is a secondary messenger

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8
Q

how do peptide hormones generally act?

A

via secondary messengers

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9
Q

two examples of steroid hormones?

A

estrogen and aldosterone

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10
Q

what is the common structure of steroid hormones?

A

ring

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11
Q

why can steroid hormones enter their target cells directly?

A

they are lipid soluble…can enter through the membrane directly.

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12
Q

what do steroid hormones bind to?

A

specific intracellular receptor proteins in cytoplasm

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13
Q

what happens after the steroid hormone binds?

A

hormone/receptor complex binds to DNA to promote the transcription of certain genes

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14
Q

where is the adrenal gland located?

A

on top of kidney

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15
Q

what produces ACTH?

A

anterior pituitary

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16
Q

when are corticosteroids released?

A

when stressed. ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex

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17
Q

what secretes corticosteroids/steroid hormones?

A

adrenal cortex

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18
Q

examples of glucocorticoids?

A

cortisol and cortisone

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19
Q

what are glucocorticoids involved in?

A

protein metabolism and glucose regulation

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20
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

making glucose from non-carbohydrates

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21
Q

what is the antagonist to insulin?

A

glucocorticoids (they raise plasma glucose)

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22
Q

what regulate plasma sodium and potassium levels/extracellular water volume?

A

mineralocorticoids

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23
Q

example of mineralocorticoids

A

aldosterone

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24
Q

excess aldosterone leads to what?

A

high blood pressure because it promotes active reabsorption of sodium and passive water reabsorption IN THE KIDNEY

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25
Q

where are mineralocorticoids released from?

A

adrenal cortex

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26
Q

where are androgens released from?

A

adrenal cortex

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27
Q

what are examples of catecholamines?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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28
Q

where are epinephrine and norepinephrine released from?

A

adrenal medulla

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29
Q

what does epinephrine convert?

A

glycogen to glucose…leads to increased blood sugar and increase metabolic rate

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30
Q

what does epinephrine inhibit?

A

vegetative functions that are not necessary to immediate survival (ex: digestion)

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31
Q

what is aldosterone production regulated by?

A

reninangiotensin system

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32
Q

where is the pituitary gland?

A

base of the brain

33
Q

what is the shortcut to remembering the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

FLAT PEG

34
Q

hormones from the anterior pituitary?

A 
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Endorphins
GH
35
Q

What are the 3 direct hormones?

A

GH, Prolactin and Endorphins

36
Q

what does prolactin do?

A

stimulates milk production and secretion

37
Q

what are endorphins?

A

NTs that provide internal mechanism for pain relief and pleasurable sensations

38
Q

what are the 4 tropic hormones?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH and TSH

39
Q

What is ACTH?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

40
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids

41
Q

what regulates ACTH?

A

CRF (corticotrophin-releasing factor)

42
Q

what does TSH do?

A

stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine

43
Q

what does LH do?

A

stimulates ovulation in females and the corpus luteum production.
stimulates interstitial cells of testes in males

44
Q

what does FSH do?

A

matures ovarian follicles so they release estrogen

in males it matures seminiferous tubules and sperm production

45
Q

what does the posterior pituitary release?

A

peptide hormones oxytocin and ADH

46
Q

what does oxytocin do?

A

increases uterine muscle contractions; POSITIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL MECHANISM because contractions stimulate oxytocin release

47
Q

what does ADH do?

A

increases permeability of the collecting duct in the kidney…..more water reabsorption to decrease blood osmolarity

48
Q

what does GnRH stimulate?

A

release of FSH and LH from ap.

49
Q

what are releasing hormones released into?

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system which allows for direct interaction with the ap

50
Q

what do neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus secrete?

A

ADH and oxytocin

51
Q

3 things the thyroid secretes?

A

thyroxin, triiodotyhronine and calcitonin

52
Q

thyroxine and T3 are derived from ….?

A

tyrosine

53
Q

what is a goiter?

A

bulge in neck from abnormal thyroid function

54
Q

what do the thyroid hormones do?

A

promote growth and neuro development

55
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

decreases plasma calcium by inhibiting the release of calcium from bones

56
Q

what do beta cells of pancreas islets secrete?

A

insulin

57
Q

what do alpha cells of pancreas islets secrete?

A

glucagon

58
Q

what does glucagon do?

A

protein and fat degradation, gluconeogenesis and glycogen to glucose (antagonist of insulin)…INCREASES plasma glucose

59
Q

what does insulin do?

A

stimulates uptake of glucose, synthesis of fats from glucose, amino acid uptake…DECREASES plasma glucose

60
Q

when is insulin released?

A

when blood glucose is high

61
Q

what does PTH do?

A

parathyroid hormone INCREASE calcium concentration by increasing bone resorption and decreasing kidney excretion of phosphate

62
Q

what is the function of renin?

A

converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

63
Q

what stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone?

A

angiotensin II

64
Q

when is renin released?

A

when blood volume is low

65
Q

what does gastrin do?

A

stimulates HCl secretion

66
Q

when is secretin released from the small intestine?

A

when acidic food is in the stomach

67
Q

what does secretin do?

A

stimulates bicarbonate solution to neutralize the acidic chyme

68
Q

cholecystokinin is released in the presence of….

A

fats so that bile can be released

69
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete?

A

melatonin

70
Q

what is phototropism?

A

shoots of plants bend toward sunlight

71
Q

when light hits one side of a leaf the auxin supply is…..

A

reduced (illuminated side grows faster)

72
Q

what is indoleacetic acid?

A

associated with phototropism

73
Q

what is geotropism?

A

growth toward or away from gravity

74
Q

what causes negative geotropism?

A

the lower side with higher levels of auxin grow faster/upward against gravity

75
Q

what causes positive geotropism?

A

cells with more auxin are inhibited so the roots go downward

76
Q

what are gibberellins?

A

stimulate rapid elongation of stem because they stimulate phloem production

77
Q

what do auxins promote?

A

xylem production

78
Q

what does ethylene stimulate in plants?

A

ripening

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