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Biology- Reproduction Flashcards

0
Q

Cell division in unicellular organisms is a means of….

A

Reproduction.

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1
Q

Is it true that all cells in your body have the same chromosomes?

A

Yes. Except two sex chromosomes inside their nuclei which have half the number of chromosomes.

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2
Q

Cell division in multicellular organisms is a means of….

A

Growth, development and replacement of old cells.

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3
Q

Mitosis is…

A

Division of somatic cells DNA to it’s two daughter cells. Each daughter cell reci eves complete genome copy.

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4
Q

Nuclear division is called ……and precedes cell division which is called…..

A

Nuclear division: karyokinesis

Cell division: cytokinesis

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5
Q

List the 6 stages of mitosis.

A 
Interphase
Prophase 
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
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6
Q

What happens in interphase of mitosis?

A

90% of a cells life.
Each chromosome is replicated….chromosomes are two sister chromatid held together by centromere.
Cannot see individual chromosomes.
DNA is called chromatin(uncoiled).

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7
Q

Chromosome number within cell during mitosis/interphase is called….

A

Ploidy.
Somatic cells are diploid (2N).
2N comes from homologous pair of chromosomes made up of 2 sets of haploid (N) chromosomes from gamete cells.

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8
Q

What happens in Prophase of mitosis?

A

Chromosome condense….and spindles form. (Centrioles go toward opposite ends of cell. )
Nuclear membrane dissolves

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9
Q

What happens in Metaphase of Mitosis?

A

Chromosome align at the center of the cell and spindles attach to each chromatid at the centromere.

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10
Q

What happens in Anaphase of mitosis?

A

Sister chromatid split….spindles made of microtubules pull chromatids to opposing ends of cell.

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11
Q

What happens in Telophase of Mitosis?

A

Spindles dissolve and nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes. Chromosomes uncoil.

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12
Q

What happens in cytokinesis of mitosis?

A

Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells. Each cell has complete nucleus and it’s own organelles
Cleavage furrow forms in animals.

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13
Q

Two differences between plant and animal cell division:

A

1) plants do not have centrioles…spindle is made by Microtubule organizing centers.
2) plants cannot form cleavage furrow….they separate via a cell plate.

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14
Q

How many cells are produced from meiosis?

A

Haploid (N). Half the number of chromosomes.

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15
Q

How many haploid cells are made in meiosis?

A

4 haploid cells- gametes.

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16
Q

Steps of meiosis.

A

Interphase. First division: prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1. Second division.

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17
Q

What happens in interphase of meiosis?

A

Parents cells chromosomes are replicated….4N chromosomes.

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18
Q

What is produced from the first meiotic division of meiosis?

A

Two intermediate daughter cells with 2N chromosomes with sister chromatids.

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19
Q

What happens in prophase 1 of meiosis?

A 
Chromatin condenses into chromsomes, spindle appears and nuclear membrane disappear. 
Homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) pair up in synapsis. (Tetras is formed)
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20
Q

What are chiasmata?

A

Where chromatids in prophase 1 of meiosis line up and connect and break to exchange equivalent DNA pieces. CROSSING OVER.

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21
Q

Does crossing over happen to sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosomes

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22
Q

What happens in metaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

Tetras align at equatorial plate and each homologous pair attaches via kinetichore to spindle fiber.

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23
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

Disjunction. Homologous pairs are pulled apart and go to opposite ends of cell. Random mixture of genes in each.

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24
Q

What happens in telophase 1 of meiosis?

A

Nuclear membrane forms around new nuclei. Each chromosome is still sister chromatids.

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25
Q

What is different about meiosis ii?

A

No chromosomal replication to start the process.

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26
Q

In females, only one daughter cells from meiosis becomes

A

A functional gamete.

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27
Q

3 things required for sexual reproduction:

A

1) functional gametes
2) union if sex cells (fertilization)
3) development of zygote to adult.

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28
Q

Male gonads are called:

A

Testes. They produce sperm.

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29
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules.

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30
Q

Females gonads are:

A

Ovaries. They produce oocytes.

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31
Q

What are hermaphrodites? 2 examples?

A

Both female and male gonads.

Hydra and earthworm.

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32
Q

What cells divide to make 4 haploid sperm?

A

Spermatagonia via meiosis.

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33
Q

Anatomy of sperm:

A

Head (nucleus and paternal genome)
Tail/flagellum propel the sperm
Neck has mitochondria for energy

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34
Q

Where dies oogenesis occur?

A

Ovaries.

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35
Q

How baby mature eggs are made from one diploid female sex cell?

A

1

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36
Q

What is a polar body?

A

Small cell from female meiotic division that degenerate.

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37
Q

Why is oogenesis different from spermatogenesis?

A

Oogenesis is discontinuous (limited number of eggs in prophase.)

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38
Q

Ploidy of zygote?

A

Diploid

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39
Q

What animals use external reproduction?

A

Fish and amphibians. Females lay eggs in water and males deposit their sperm.

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40
Q

Species that care for the young produce …….. Eggs.

A

Fewer.

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41
Q

Pathway of sperm:

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis 
Vas Deferens
Ejaculatory duct
N-
Urethra
Pen is
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42
Q

Where is testosterone made? What does testosterone regulate?

A

Testes. Secondary sex characteristics-hair, voice changes, etc.

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43
Q

Where are ovaries found?

A

Abdominal cavity below digestive system.

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44
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Multilayered sac of cells containing immature ovum.

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45
Q

Where is estrogen produced?

A

Follicle cells of ovaries.

46
Q

Each month immature ovum is drawn into the…..

A

Fallopian tube (oviduct).

47
Q

Each Fallopian tube opens into…

A

The uterus where fetus develops.

48
Q

Lower, narrow end of uterus ……connects with the …..

A

Cervix connects with the vaginal canal.

49
Q

What regulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone?

A

LH and FSH which are regulated by GnRH.

50
Q

What secretes estrogen?

A

Ovarian follicles and corpus luteum.

51
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Responsible for endometrium thickening and the development of the female reproductive tract. Secondary sex characteristics and sex drive.

52
Q

When and where is progesterone secreted from?

A

Corpus luteum during the luteal phase of cycle.

53
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Development of endometrial wall for implantation of zygote.

54
Q

4 stages of the menstrual cycle:

A

1) follicular phase
2) ovulation
3) luteal phase
4) menstruation

55
Q

When does follicular phase begin?

A

Cessation of last cycle.

56
Q

In follicular phase, hormone levels are lowest so negative feedback to hypothalamus are shut done which….

A

Allows the hypothalamus to release gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

57
Q

What does the release of GnRH stimulate?

A

Release of FSH from anterior pituitary.

58
Q

Where is FSH released from?

A

Anterior pituitary gland.

59
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates follicle growth in the ovary.

60
Q

What causes ovulation?

A

surge in LH levels/peak in estrogen levels.

61
Q

LH (luteinizing hormone) induces the ruptured follicle to….

A

Develop into corpus luteum.

62
Q

What does corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and estrogen.

63
Q

If the ovum is not fertilized….

A

The corpus luteum atrophies.

64
Q

When the corpus Leitrim atrophies there is a drop…

A

In progesterone and estrogen levels so the endometrium sloughs off….menstrual flow.

65
Q

If fertilization occurs….

A

Placenta produces hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin).

66
Q

What does hCG do?

A

Maintains corpus luteum.

67
Q

How are plant life cycles represented?

A

Alternating between sporophytes and gametophytes.

68
Q

Evolutionarily, has the sporophyte or gametophyte been dominant?

A

Sporophytes generation.

69
Q

Gametophytes reproduce…..

Sporophytes reproduce….

A

Sexually (gametophytes)

Asexually (sporophytes)

70
Q

What sexual stage is dominant for mosses?

A

Gametophyte.

71
Q

Haploid gametophytes produce ……by mitosis.

A

Gametes

72
Q

Diploid sporophytes produce ……by meiosis.

A

Haploid spore

73
Q

What sexual stage is dominant for ferns?

A

Sporophytes. (Releases spores from the underside of leaves)

74
Q

What are angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants.

75
Q

What is the reproductive structure of an angiosperm?

A

The flower.

76
Q

Pistils are …..

Stamens are….

A

Pistils are female

Stamens are male

77
Q

Angiosperms have …..with cells that last for a short amount of time.

A

Gametophytes.

78
Q

anatomy of a stamen

A

Filament and anther.

79
Q

What does an anther produce?

A

Haploid spores that become pollen

80
Q

Anatomy of pistil:

A

Stigma: sticky top to catch pollen
Style: tube that connects stigma to ovary
Ovary: enlarged based that contains ovules with eggs.

81
Q

What do petals do?

A

Protect pistil. Attract insects for pollination.

82
Q

What are sepals?

A

Green leaves that protect flower bud during development.

83
Q

What is the male gametophyte in flower reproduction?

A

Pollen grain. Contains sperm nuclei when it divides on the stigma.

84
Q

What is the female gametophyte in flower reproduction?

A

Embryo sac that contains nuclei

85
Q

What makes the zygote in plant reproduction?

A

1 sperm nucleus

1 egg nucleus

86
Q

What makes the endosperm?

A

1 sperm nucleus

2 polar nuclei

87
Q

What does endosperm do?

A

Provides food for embryonic plant.

88
Q

What is endosperm absorbed by?

A

Seed leaves (cotyledons).

89
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually.

90
Q

4 types of asexual reproduction:

A

Fission, budding, regeneration, parthenogenesis.

91
Q

What is binary fission?

A

DNA replicates and a new plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward.

92
Q

What organisms undergo fission?

A

One-celled organisms:

Amoebae, paramecium, algae, bacteria

93
Q

What is budding?

A

Replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis.

94
Q

What organism experience budding?

A

Hydra and yeast.

95
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Regrowth of a lost/injured body part.

96
Q

How are cells replaced in regeneration?

A

Mitosis.

97
Q

What is required for regeneration?

A

Portion of the Central disk.

98
Q

What animals can regenerate?

A

Starfish, hydra, tadpoles, salamanders

99
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

Development of underutilized egg into an adult organism.

100
Q

What animals undergo parthenogenesis?

A

Bees and ants. Males are made this way. Females are from fertilized eggs.

101
Q

How can parthenogenesis be stimulated?

A

Electric shock or pinprick of animal eggs.

102
Q

All plants exhibit….

A

Alternation of generations.

103
Q

Process of spore formation:

A

Diploid sporophytes produce haploid spores that makes haploid gametophytes.

104
Q

What are meristems?

A

Undifferentiated tissues in plants.

105
Q

What is vegetative propagation advantage?

A

No genetic variation and rapid.

106
Q

Natural vegetative propagation:

A

Bulbs split.
Tubers are Underground stems with buds
Runner are stems above ground that can make new roots and upright stems
Rhizomes are woody underground stems

107
Q

Examples of rhizomes

A

Ferns and iris

108
Q

Examples of runners

A

Strawberry plants and lawn grass

109
Q

Example of bulbs

A

Tulips

110
Q

Example of tubers

A

Potatoes

111
Q

Artificial Vegetative Propagation:

A

Used in agriculture:
Cut piece of stem can develop new roots in moist ground.
Auxins accelerate root formation.
Layering like in blackberries

112
Q

What are auxins?

A

Plant hormones that accelerate root formation

113
Q

What is layering in plants propagation?

A

Root is bent to ground and covered with soil to help plants take root.

DAT (15 decks)

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