Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DAT > Biology- Basis of Life > Flashcards

Biology- Basis of Life Flashcards

0
Q

What kind of nutrients did heterotrophs require?

A

Nutrients from outside sources or preformed materials….they cannot synthesize nutrients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

First living organisms were called…

A

Heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What organic molecules were made in the Miller experiment? How?

A

Urea, hydrogen cyanide, acetic acid and lactic acid. They were made from the combination of heat and UV radiation with methane, hydrogen, ammonia and water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are coacervate droplets? And what was learned from them?

A

Cluster of protein/colloidal molecules that is surrounded by water.
They absorb from the environment and could selectively metabolize.
Those that reproduced had nucleic acid polymers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What changed heterotrophs to autotrophs?

A

The development of biochemical pathways helped them be able to use a variety of materials.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What event made heterotrophs and autotrophs develop aerobic respiration?

A

Autotrophs began making carbs from the water and carbon dioxide in the air and as a result O2 was released into the atmosphere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Example of autotrophic anaerobe:

A

Chemo synthetic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Example of autotrophic aerobe:

A

Green plants and photo plankton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Example of heterotrophic anaerobe:

A

Yeast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Example of heterotrophic aerobes:

A

Humans, earthworms and amoebas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Define protoplasm

A

All living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Element unit

A

Atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Compound unit

A

Molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chemical makeup of carbs

A

C:H:O
1:2:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Function of carbs

A 
Store energy (glucose and glycogen in animals and starch in plants)
Provide structure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 examples of disaccharides:

A

Maltose and sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are polysaccharides? Examples?

A

Insoluble in water; chain of monosaccharides

Cellulose (plant structure), glycogen and starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are disaccharides made?

A

Dehydration synthesis (loss of water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Components of a lipid and how lipids are made

A 
3 dehydration synthesis reactions (cannot be polymers) 
3 FAs (hydrophobic and acidic) an glycerol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of lipids

A

Store energy in animals and protect/insulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are phospholipids?

A 
2 FAs and glycerol
Phosphate group
N-containing alcohol
Lecithin (cell membranes)
Cephalin (brain, nerves and nerve tissues)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are waxes?

A

Esters of FAs and monohydroxylic alcohols….protective coatings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are steroids made of? Example?

A

3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane ring

Cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen, and corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are carotenoids? Examples?

A

FA carbon chains with double bonds and cyclohexane rings on each end.
Pigments (carotene and xanthophyll)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are porphyrins? Example?

A

4 pyrrole rings fused together. Metal complex as well.

Ex: heme with Fe complex or chlorophyll with Mg complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are proteins also called?

A

Polypeptides and polymers

Dehydration synthesis that combines amino acids by peptide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Primary vs Secondary protein structures

A

Primary: AA sequence
Secondary: coil or fold (helix or B-pleated)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Structure of simple proteins:

A

Only made of AAs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Structure of albumins and globulins:

A

Globular in form…..they are functional and act as carriers or enzymes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Structure of scleroproteins:

A

Fibrous and structural…..collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Structure of conjugated proteins:

A

Simple protein portion and nonprotein portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Structure of lipoproteins:

A

Bound to lipids

33
Q

Structure of mucoproteins:

A

Bound to carbs

34
Q

Structure of chromoproteins:

A

Bound to a pigmented protein (carotenoids)

35
Q

Structure of metalloproteins:

A

Complexes around a metal ion

36
Q

Structure of nucleoproteins:

A

Bound to nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)….in dab the protein is combined with histone or protamine

37
Q

Function of hormones:

A

Chemical messengers that are secreted in circulation.

Examples: insulin and ACTH

38
Q

Function of enzymes. How do they work?

A

Catalysts that increase the speed of a rxn by decreasing the activation energy. DONT change G of rxn.

39
Q

Function of structural proteins:

A

Physical support
Extracellular: collagen in tendons and bones
Intracellular: cell membrane proteins

40
Q

Function of transport proteins:

A

Carry materials.

Example: hemoglobin carries O2 or cytochromes carry electrons in cell respiration

41
Q

Function of antibodies:

A

Bind to antigens and fight them to protect the body.

42
Q

Name of the molecule an enzyme acts on:

A

Substrate

43
Q

Area on enzyme where the substrate binds is called:

A

The active site

44
Q

Which theory of enzyme specificity is more widely accepted?

A

Induced fit hypothesis (the active site conforms shape to fit the substrate) NOT lock and key.

45
Q

Are enzyme reactions reversible?

A

Yes and the same enzyme can be used to reverse the reaction.

46
Q

As temperature increase, the rate of enzyme actions……

A

Increase until an optimum temperature is reached when the enzyme is deactivated.

47
Q

Maximal pH of human body enzymes:

A

7.2(the ph of body fluids)

48
Q

What environment does pepsin work best in?

A

Acidic conditions like in the stomach….pH = 2

49
Q

What environment do pancreatic enzymes work best in?

A

Basic intestinal conditions…pH =8.5.

50
Q

When substrate and enzyme concentrations are low….

A

Slow rxn because active sites are empty

51
Q

Increased substrate concentration will….

A

Increase reaction rate until all active sites are full (this is the maximum velocity of the reaction)

52
Q

Lactase hydrolyzes lactose into

A

Glucose and galactose

53
Q

Proteases do what?

A

Degrade proteins in amino acids

54
Q

Function of lipases

A

Break lipids into FAs and glycerol

55
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

In ribosomes (dehydration synthesis with amino acids)

56
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Nonprotein molecules that enzymes need to be active. Can be cofactors like Fe or Zn. Cannot be synthesized by body and are obtained as vitamin derivatives.

57
Q

Define prosthetic groups:

A

Cofactors that bind to the enzyme with covalent bonds

58
Q

Nucleic acids are made up of

A

Nucleotides

59
Q

5 components of the cell theory:

A 
Cells are basic functional unit of life
All living things are composed of cells 
Cells only come from pre-existing cells
Cells carry genetic info as DNA. (Passed from parent to daughter cell in cell division) 
Energy flow occurs within cells.
60
Q

What does the fluid mosaic model say?

A

Cell membrane consists of phospholipid bilateral with proteins throughout. Lipids and proteins can move freely.

61
Q

Function of nucleus:

A

Controls activities and cell division.
Surrounded by nuclear membrane.
Contains DNA which is complexed by histones = chromosomes.

62
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomal RNA synthesis.

63
Q

Function of ribosomes:

A

Protein production.
Made by nucleolus.
Free ribosomes= cytoplAsm
Bound ribosomes=outer membrane of endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

Function of endoplasmic reticulum:

A

Transport materials (especially waste)

65
Q

Function if Golgi apparatus:

A

Receives vesicles from smooth ER, modifies them and repackages them into vesicles and uses exocytosis to get them to cell surface

66
Q

Function of mitochondria:

A

Aerobic respiration…supplies energy.

Has phospholipid bilayer

67
Q

Function of cytoplasm:

A

Metabolic activity

Cyclosis: movement of cytoplasm that provides transport

68
Q

Function of vacuole:

A

Membrane bound sacs that transport and store materials in the cell. Vacuoles are bigger than vesicles and are in plants.

69
Q

Function of centrioles:

A

Microtubule involved in spindle organization during division. Not bound to membrane. Only in animal cells (2 of them are perpendicular) in the centrosome.

70
Q

Function of lysosomes:

A

Membrane bound vesicles that have hydrolytic enzymes for digestion. Break down material ingested by the cell. Autolysis is a cell killing itself by rupturing the lysosomes membrane.

71
Q

function of cytoskeleton:

A

Composed of microtubules and micro filaments and gives cell mechanical support while maintaining it’s shape.

72
Q

Cells like sperm that need a lot of energy will have a lot of….

A

Mitochondria

73
Q

What is simple diffusion? Active or passive?

A

Movement down concentration gradient. Passive.

74
Q

Osmosis.(passive or active?)

A

Passive. Water goes from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

75
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Down concentration gradine through special channels or carrier proteins. Does not require energy.

76
Q

What is active transport?

A

Against concentration gradient with transport proteins….requires energy.

77
Q

Brownian movement:

A

Intracellular Circulation. Spreading movement of suspended particles throughout cytoplasm via kinetic energy that is made from collisions.

78
Q

What is Cyclosis or Streaming?

A

Circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell transport molecules.

79
Q

What does the ER do in Intracellular circulation?

A

Provides channels throughout cytoplasm and provides continuous passage from plasma membrane to nuclear membrane.

80
Q

Two forms of extracellular circulation:

A

Diffusion and Circulatory System.

DAT (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions