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DAT > Biology - Immunology > Flashcards

Biology - Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is circulation in plants called?

A

translocation

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2
Q

what is at the center of a plant stem that contains xylem, phloem and cambium cells?

A

fibrovascular bundle

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3
Q

what are xylem cells? what do they do?

A

hollow, THICK cells inside vascular bundle; they carry water and minerals UP the plant and give plants their structure.

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4
Q

what are the two types of xylem cells?

A

vessel cells and tracheids

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5
Q

what 3 things explain water following up the xylem?

A

transpirational pull; capillary action; root pressure

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6
Q

What is transpiration pull?

A

as water evaporates from leaves, a vacuum is created that pulls the water up

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7
Q

what is capillary action in plants?

A

liquid rises due to surface tension of the liquid

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8
Q

how does root pressure help water go up xylem?

A

water in the root exerts a pressure the pushes the water up the stem.

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9
Q

what are phloem? what do they do?

A

THIN cells outside the vascular bundle. they transport nutrients/food DOWN the stem.

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10
Q

what do phloem and xylem cells come from?

A

cambium cells

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11
Q

what are cambium cells?

A

two layers thick; actively divide and are differential - they give rise to xylem and phloem cells

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12
Q

What is the function of a root?

A

absorb materials and anchor the plant

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13
Q

What are root hairs and what do they do?

A

thin-walled projections of the epidermis; they increase SA for absorption

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14
Q

how are gases and nutrients moved in protozoans?

A

simple diffusion

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15
Q

what kind of specialized circulatory system do hydra and cnidarians have?

A

they have walls which are two cells thick that are in direct contact with internal/external environment.

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16
Q

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

A

open circulatory systems- blood directly contacts body tissues and is moved by body movements.

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17
Q

what does blood flow through in arthropods?

A

dorsal vessel into sinuses for exchange.

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18
Q

what kind of circulatory system do annelids use?

A

closed

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19
Q

where is blood confined in a closed circulatory system?

A

blood vessels….move blood in dorsal vessel toward the head.

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20
Q

what connects dorsal vessel and ventral vessel in annelids?

A

aortic loops

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21
Q

does annelid blood have red blood cells?

A

no….only hemoglobin pigments

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22
Q

what does blood in humans transport? what does it remove?

A

transport O2 to tissues; removes waste and CO2

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23
Q

what part of blood is used for injury repair?

A

platelets

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24
Q

what specifically transports O2?

A

erythrocytes..the hemoglobin molecules bind to O2

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25
Q

What is function of CO2 gas in the body?

A

reactant in bicarbonate buffering system

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26
Q

what is bicarbonate buffering system?

A

BUFFERING ROLE. CO2 combines with H2O to make H2CO3 (carbonic acid)….this dissociates into HCO3- (bicarbonate) and H+

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27
Q

Where are amino acids and sugars absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

intestinal capillaries

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28
Q

Oxygenated blood is pumped from the….

A

left ventricle to the aorta

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29
Q

aorta branches into arteries which then….

A

branch into arterioles and then capillaries

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30
Q

exchange of gas and nutrients occur across

A

capillary walls

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31
Q

capillaries converge into

A

venules and then veins

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32
Q

deoxygenated bloods enters through the….

A

inferior and superior vena cava and into the right atrium and then right ventricle

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33
Q

where does the right ventricle pump blood?

A

through pulmonary arteries to the lungs where it gets oxygen

34
Q

what brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?

A

pulmonary vein

35
Q

where does pulmonary vein bring the blood?

A

to the left ventricle and then to the aorta

36
Q

what is the main difference between adult and fetal circulation?

A

fetal circulation works to bypass the lungs

37
Q

what is the foramen ovale?

A

hole between atriums….moves blood away from right ventricle so that it does get pushed into pulmonary circulation

38
Q

what is the ductus arterioles?

A

connection between aorta and pulmonary artery to prevent blood into lungs

39
Q

What is the ductus venosus?

A

moves oxygenated blood from the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

40
Q

what blood does right side of heart pump?

A

deoxygenated blood to pulmonary circulation

41
Q

what blood does left side of heart pump?

A

oxygenated blood to systemic circulation

42
Q

the lower chambers of the heart are

A

ventricles (more muscular)

43
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins and capallaries

44
Q

arteries are….

A

thick and elastic; they move oxygenated blood away from the heart (except pulmonary arteries)

45
Q

veins are…

A

thin and inelastic; they move deoxygenated blood to the heart (except pulmonary veins)

46
Q

capillaries are…

A

very thin wall of endothelial cells….smallest diameter.

47
Q

what does lympathic system move?

A

lymph or interstitial fluids to the cardio system

48
Q

human body contains how many liters of blood?

A

4-6

49
Q

what is the liquid portion of the blood?

A

plasma

50
Q

what are the cellular components of blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

51
Q

where is hemoglobin?

A

erythrocytes (RBCs)

52
Q

how many oxygen can bind to a hemoglobin?

A

4

53
Q

what are erythrocytes made from?

A

stem cells in bone marrow

54
Q

are leukocytes or erythrocytes bigger?

A

leukocytes

55
Q

antibodies are __ cells and infected cells are __cells

A

antibodies : B cells

infected cells: T cells

56
Q

what is the name of the clotting factor?

A

thromboplastin

57
Q

what does thromboplastin do?

A

converts prothrombin to thrombin (active form)

58
Q

what does thrombin do?

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin

59
Q

what does fibrin do?

A

traps blood cells to form a clot

60
Q

when is thromboplastin made?

A

when platelets contact damaged tissues

61
Q

what is humoral immunity?

A

production of antibodies

62
Q

what is cell-mediated immunity?

A

cells combatting fungal and viral infection

63
Q

what are immunoglobulins?

A

antibodies (Igs)…complex proteins that bind to antigens

64
Q

what do antibodies/immunoglobulins come from?

A

B cells

65
Q

what is active immunity?

A

production of antibodies during immune response

66
Q

vaccination triggers an….

A

active immunity response

67
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

antibodies are passed on from another person or organism (mother to fetus)

68
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

engulf and destroy pathogens

69
Q

what initiates an inflammatory response?

A

physical damage

70
Q

what does histamine do?

A

causes blood vessels swell and increase blood flow to damaged area

71
Q

what do interferons do?

A

spread to other cells when they are under viral attack to prevent the spread of the virus.

72
Q

A blood type has what antigen on RBC? what antibody does it produce?

A

A is on RBC; produces anti-B antibody

73
Q

B blood type has what antigen on RBC? what antibody does it produce?

A

B is on RBC; produces anti-A

74
Q

AB blood type has what antigen on RBC? what antibody does it produce?

A

A and B on RBC; produces no antibody

75
Q

what blood type is the universal recipient?

A

AB

76
Q

what blood type is the universal donor?

A

O

77
Q

O blood type has what antigen on RBC? what antibody does it produce?

A

no antigens on RBC. produces anti-A and anti-B antibodies

78
Q

if A blood type has A antigen on RBC what does this mean?

A

they recognize A antigen as self and do no attack

79
Q

Rh- mom can be sensitized by Rh+ fetus if….

A

the fetus’s RBCs enter maternal circulation which can cause anemia in future babies

80
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis…..

A

is severe anemia in a fetus.

DAT (15 decks)

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