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DAT > Biology - Muscles and Locomotion > Flashcards

Biology - Muscles and Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

how do protozoa/algae move?

A

beating cilia or flagella

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2
Q

what is the basic structure of cilia/flagella?

A

11 microtubules - 9 pairs in a circle with 2 in the middle

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3
Q

flagella achieve movement with the…

A

power stroke

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4
Q

how do amoeba move?

A

extending the pseudopodia

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5
Q

two layers of muscles in flatworms:

A

longitudinal and circular

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6
Q

contraction of circular muscles in flatworms leads to:

A

interstitial fluid flow longitudinally and the animal lengthens

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7
Q

contraction of longitudinal muscles in flatworms leads to:

A

the animal shortening

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8
Q

annelids have what that helps them move?

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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9
Q

what group of animals have exoskeletons?

A

arthropods

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10
Q

what are exoskeletons made of?

A

chitin that is excreted by the epidermis

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11
Q

two major components of the endoskeleton?

A

cartilage and bone

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12
Q

cartilage is a type of _________ tissue:

A

connective

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13
Q

two type of bone:

A

spongy and compact

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14
Q

what is compact bone?

A

dense and no holes

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15
Q

structural unit of compact bone:

A

osteons

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16
Q

which type of bone contacts marrow?

A

spongy

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17
Q

what does red bone marrow do?

A

blood cell formation

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18
Q

what does yellow bone marrow do?

A

inactive and infiltrated by adipose tissue

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19
Q

what is inside of an osteon?

A

Haversian canal surrounded by concentric circles of bony matrix called lamellae

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20
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

synthesize and secrete bone matrix…they become osteocytes when they mature. (Blasts Build Bone)

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21
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

involved in bone resorption and breakdown.

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22
Q

two ways that bone can form:

A

endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification

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23
Q

how are long bones made?

A

endochondral ossification when cartilage is replaced by bone

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24
Q

what do ligaments do?

A

connect bones

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25
Q

what do tendons do?

A

connect skeletal muscle to bone

26
Q

what is the origin and insertion?

A

origin: point where muscle attaches to stationary bone;
insertion: point where muscle attaches to movable bone

27
Q

3 types of muscles in mammals:

A

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

28
Q

is skeletal muscle multinucleated?

A

YES!

29
Q

structure of skeletal muscle:

A

sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcomere, myofibrils

30
Q

where are mitochondria in skeletal muscles?

A

myofibrils

31
Q

what is skeletal muscle also known as?

A

striated muscles (from sarcomeres)

32
Q

thin filaments in sarcomeres are chains of

A

actin molecules

33
Q

thick filaments in sarcomeres are chains of

A

myosin molecules

34
Q

what are Z lines?

A

boundaries of sarcomere

35
Q

what are M lines?

A

down the middle of a sarcomere

36
Q

what is the I band?

A

region with only thin/actin filaments

37
Q

what is the H zone?

A

region with only thick/myosin filaments

38
Q

what is the A band?

A

the entire length of the thick filaments and any overlapping portions

39
Q

what bands/zone/lines are reduced in contraction?

A

the H zone and I band reduce; the A band does not.

40
Q

what is released into the sarcoplasm in an action potential?

A

calcium ions for the T system

41
Q

what does calcium bind to in muscle contraction?

A

tropomyosin

42
Q

what happens when calcium binds to tropomyosin?

A

actin and myosin slide past each other and the sarcomere contracts

43
Q

do muscle cells have an all-or-none response?

A

YES! (stimulus must meet threshold value)

44
Q

how is the strength of muscle contraction increased?

A

by recruiting more muscle fibers

45
Q

three periods of a simple twitch:

A

latent period, contraction period, relaxation period

46
Q

what is the latent period?

A

between stimulation and contraction

47
Q

what is the relaxation period?

A

absolute refractory period when the muscle cannot respond to stimulus

48
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

when frequent stimulation cause contraction to combine and become stronger/prolonged

49
Q

what is tetanus?

A

when the muscle cannot relax due to stimulus frequency

50
Q

what is tonus?

A

state of partial muscle contraction

51
Q

muscles are never…

A

completely relaxed…they are partially contracted at all times

52
Q

what nervous system innervates smooth muscles?

A

autonomic nervous system

53
Q

what are smooth muscles responsible for?

A

involuntary movement

54
Q

how many nuclei are in smooth muscles?

A

1

55
Q

are smooth muscles striated?

A

no

56
Q

does cardiac muscle have striations?

A

yes

57
Q

what nervous system controls cardiac muscle?

A

autonomic nervous system

58
Q

how many nuclei are in cardiac muscles?

A

1 or 2

59
Q

what is creatine phosphate?

A

where energy can be temporarily stored

60
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

protein in muscle tissues

61
Q

what does myoglobin do?

A

maintains high levels of oxygen in muscles

DAT (15 decks)

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