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DAT > Biology - Nervous System > Flashcards

Biology - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functional units of the nervous system?

A

nephrons

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2
Q

protozoa have what kind of nervous system?

A

NONE! (single cells)

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3
Q

cnidarians have what kind of nervous system?

A

nerve net

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4
Q

annelids have what kind of nervous system?

A

primitive central nervous system

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5
Q

arthropods have what kind of nervous system?

A

central nervous system

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6
Q

dendrites……information

A

receive

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7
Q

the cell body of a neuron contains the…

A

nucleus and controls metabolism

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8
Q

what kind of cells produce myelin?

A

glial cells

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9
Q

Oligodendrocytes make myelin in the ….

A

central nervous system

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10
Q

Schwann cells make myelin in the….

A

peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

the resting potential of a neuron is

A

-70 mV (the inside is more negative)

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12
Q

the Na/K pump put how many Na and K across the membrane?

A

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ into the cells

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13
Q

when is an action potential generated?

A

when the inside becomes less negative…-50 mV

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14
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

time that Na+ channels recover from inactivation

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15
Q

what channels open in action potential?

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels….depolarization of that segment

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16
Q

what channels are open in depolarization?

A

voltage-gated K+ channels

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17
Q

stimulus intensity is coded by….

A

the frequency of action potentials (because it is an all-or-none-response)

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18
Q

what makes the backward travel of action potentials impossible?

A

the refractory period

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19
Q

what increases propagation speed?

A

a larger diameter and more myelination

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20
Q

what is the effect of curare?

A

inhibits postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors…leads to paralysis

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21
Q

what is the effect of botulism toxin?

A

inhibits release of acetylcholine

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22
Q

what are afferent neurons?

A

sensory information

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23
Q

what are efferent neurons?

A

motor commands

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24
Q

what are the two layers of the brain?

A

outer: grey matter of cell bodies
inner: white matter of myelinated axons

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25
Q

3 sections of the brain?

A

hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain

26
Q

functions of telencepahlon

A

FOREBRAIN
cerebral cortex: sensory info, motor responses, creativity
olfactory bulb: odor input

27
Q

functions of diencephalon

A

FORE BRAIN

thalamus: relays info for spine and cerebral cortex
hypothalamus: visceral functions (hunger, thirst, sex drive) and controls endocrine system

28
Q

functions of the midbrain

A

vision, hearing and motor control

29
Q

components of the hindbrain

A

pons, medulla and cerebellum

30
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

motor, balance, etc.

31
Q

function of pons

A

allows cerebellum to communicate with the cortex

32
Q

function of medulla

A

breathing regulation, heart rate, gastrointestinal activity, etc

33
Q

two divisions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

somatic and autonomic

34
Q

what does the somatic nervous system innervate? what does it control?

A

skeletal muscles; voluntary movements

35
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system regulate?

A

internal environment of the body without conscious control

36
Q

the ANS innervates what?

A

both cardiac and smooth muscle

37
Q

where are smooth muscles located?

A

blood vessels, digestive tract, bladder, etc.

38
Q

two subdivisions of the ANS?

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic.

39
Q

what nervous system is responsible for fight or flight?

A

sympathetic of the ANS

40
Q

main NT of sympathetic nervous system?

A

norepinephrine

41
Q

what does the parasympathetic system do?

A

restores energy after exertion (rest and digest)

42
Q

main NT of parasympathetic system?

A

acetylcholine

43
Q

main nerve of parasympathetic system?

A

vagus nerve

44
Q

what is the sclera?

A

opaque layer of the eye (white of eye)

45
Q

what is the choroid layer of the eye?

A

supplies retina with blood

46
Q

what part of the eye contains photoreceptors?

A

retina

47
Q

what part of the eye focuses light rays?

A

cornea

48
Q

what part of the eye controls the diameter of the pupil?

A

iris (colored part)

49
Q

what focuses the image on the retina?

A

the lens, whose shape and focal length is controlled by ciliary muscles.

50
Q

what helps with high-acuity vision?

A

fovea (small part of retina)

51
Q

what combine to have the optic nerve?

A

ganglion cells

52
Q

what is vitreous humor?

A

jelly in eye that maintains the shape and properties of the eye

53
Q

what is aqueous humor?

A

formed by the eye and exits through ducts

54
Q

what is myopia?

A

nearsightedness (in front of retina)

55
Q

what is hyperopia?

A

farsightedness (behind retina)

56
Q

what causes an astigmatism?

A

irregularly shaped cornea

57
Q

cataracts cause….

A

lens to become opaque

58
Q

glaucoma is the…

A

increase of pressure in the eye because of a blockage of the outflow of vitreous humor?

59
Q

path of sound through the ear:

A

outer ear, auditory canal, tympanic membrane (vibrates), ossicles (amplify and vibrate), oval window, inner ear receives pressure (cochlea and vestibular apparatus), hair cells are stimulated and transduce action potentials

60
Q

3 bones that make up ossicles:

A

incus, stapes and malleus

DAT (15 decks)

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