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DAT > Biology - Digestion > Flashcards

Biology - Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what are heterotrophs?

A

organisms that cannot make their own food

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2
Q

where does external digestion take place?

A

in a lumen or tract

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3
Q

where does internal digestion take place?

A

in a membrane-bound vesicle

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4
Q

how do unicellular organisms ingest food?

A

phagocytosis

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5
Q

where is food stored in unicellular organisms like amoeba?

A

food vacuoles

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6
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

they contain digestive enzymes and fuse with food vacuoles to digest nutrients

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7
Q

what is the “mouth” of the paramecium called?

A

cytopharynx

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8
Q

where do the needed nutrients diffuse to in paramecium and amoeba?

A

the cytoplasm

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9
Q

does the molecular composition of food change in the mouth when it is being chewed?

A

no….the surface area is increased

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10
Q

what kind of digestion do cnidarians (hydra) use?

A

both internal and external

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11
Q

what releases digestive enzymes in cnidarians?

A

endodermal cells lining the cavity

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12
Q

where is digestion completed in cnidarians?

A

intracellularly once food it engulfed by the gastrodermal cells

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13
Q

where is undigested food expelled in cnidarians?

A

the mouth

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14
Q

what digestive system do annelids have?

A

a one-way digestive tract

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15
Q

what is the crop of an annelids?

A

stores food

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16
Q

what is the gizzard of an annelids?

A

grinds the food

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17
Q

where is the dorsal fold of the annelids? what does it do?

A

in the intestine; it provides more SA; called the typholosole

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18
Q

what happens to soluble nutrients in annelids?

A

they diffuse into the blood from the small intestine

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19
Q

what do arthropods have in their digestive system that annelids don’t have?

A

jaw for chewing and salivary glands

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20
Q

trace the human digestive tract.

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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21
Q

what happens in the oral cavity during digestion?

A

mechanical and chemical digestion of food

22
Q

when is saliva secreted?

A

in response to a nervous reflex triggered by the presence of food

23
Q

what enzyme in the mouth hydrolyzes starch to maltose?

A

salivary amylase

24
Q

how is food moved through the esophagus?

A

peristalsis

25
Q

what do the glands lining the stomach wall secrete in digestion?

A

mucus, pepsin and HCl

26
Q

what does mucus do in the stomach?

A

protects the lining from acidic juices

27
Q

what does pepsin do in digestion?

A

protein-hydrolyzing enzyme

28
Q

what does HCl do in digestion?

A

kills bacteria, breaks food apart, and activates other enzymes

29
Q

where does chyme go after the stomach?

A

through the pyloric sphincter to the duodenum of the small intestine

30
Q

what are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

31
Q

how does the small intestine maximize SA?

A

coiling and length and villi

32
Q

what are lacteals? where are they located?

A

in the small intestine villi; they are vessels of the lymphatic system

33
Q

what molecules pass through the villi and enter the capillary system?

A

monosaccharides and amino acids

34
Q

what molecules are passes into the lacteals? why?

A

fatty acids and glycerol….to be converted into fat

35
Q

what molecules are passively absorbed?

A

glucose and amino acids

36
Q

where does most digestion in the small intestine take place?

A

duodenum

37
Q

what do lipases digest?

A

fats

38
Q

what do amino peptidases digest?

A

polypeptides

39
Q

what does lactase do?

A

breaks down lactose

40
Q

what causes discomfort for people who are lactose intolerant?

A

they lack lactase so bacteria metabolizes lactose instead

41
Q

where is bile produced?

A

liver

42
Q

where is bile stored?

A

gall bladder

43
Q

does bile have enzymes?

A

no

44
Q

what does bile do?

A

it emulsifies fats into small droplets

45
Q

name 3 enzymes secreted from the pancreas and their functions:

A

amylase (carbs)
trypsin (protein)
lipase (fat)

46
Q

what pH do pancreatic enzyme require?

A

not acidic….the bicarb juice neutralizes the chyme

47
Q

what does the large intestine absorb?

A

water and salts

48
Q

what holds feces?

A

the rectum

49
Q

what plant example needs preformed molecules from the environment?

A

fungi

50
Q

is the venus fly trap an autotroph or heterotroph?

A

autotroph because it photosynthesizes to make glucose; the flies are simply a nitrate source

DAT (15 decks)

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