biology paper 1 Flashcards
high proportion of eosinophills
body produces more cells to combat allergic infection or parasititc infections
transport cell
erythrocytes
defence cells
leucoytes
platlets
how to identify bacteria
-streak plating to seperate from — food faeces
-selective media to isoalte —
-gram staining to identify psotive or nefative
-use antibiodies against –
all rna viruses
have a protein coat
rna viruses
ebola
hiv
tobbaco mosaic virus
conclusion of spearmans rank
if rs > crit value at 5% sig level there is a significant relationship
carbon fixing
carbon dioxide diffuses into the stroma
carbon dioxide binds to ribulose biphosphate
using rubisco
resulting in formation of intermediate 6c compound
why may a protein be shorter
may produce a stop codon which will stop translation sooner
one or several bases may be deleted therefore mrna shorter
epigenetic modifacation
changes that affect gene expression
e.g dna methylation
involved in differentiation
antibody producing cell
plasma cell
role of krebbs cycle
completely oxidises {pyruvate / acetyl Co A}
to release as much energy as possible
to generate ATP (directly)
to produce {reduced coenzyme / NADH}
so that ATP can be produced {in the ETC / by oxidative phosphorylation}
inner membrane of mitochondria
- role of inner membrane is oxidative phosphorylation
- inner membrane contains proteins involved in electron transport
- inner membrane contains ATPase channels
- movement of protons through ATPase channels results in ATP formation
what happens when H+ ions are pumped out of gaurd cells
ATP is broken down into ADP and phosphate ions in hydrolysis
types of cells in plant firtilisation and chromasome numebr
female gamete
male gamete
polar body
tube nucleus
all haploid
how is tissue fluid formed
(high) hydrostatic pressure forces fluid out of the
capillaries at the arteriole end
blood plasma protein count
high
as some proteins are too large to pass out of the blood/capillary
why do lipids make more atp then carbs
because a lipid molecule contains a higher proportion of hydrogen
* therefore more reduced NAD / FAD / coenzyme
* therefore more hydrogen (ions) {to accumulate in the intermembrane space for oxidative
phosphorylation
movement of water through plant
- water has positively charged hydrogen and a negatively charged oxygen
- therefore hydrogen bonds form between water molecules
- therefore water moved due to cohesion
- because of adhesion / adhesive forces between water and
xylem
structure of chloroplast
formed of protein and mrna
two subunits
role of ribsosomes
translation
to hold the tRNA on the mRNA
* whilst peptide bonds form to join amino acids together
how do transcription factors increase rate
can switch on gene expression
* bind to a promotor region and stimulate
protein synthesis
* for enzymes involved in glycolysis
movement of sucrose through phloem
- by mass flow
- sucrose actively transported into
phloem in the leaf / at the source
*sucrose diffuse out of phloem into sink
tissues - description of how water enters phloem at source and leaves at sink
- sugars move to region of lower hydrostatic pressure
differences in cell mediated response and humorial
antigen presentation in HIR is by B cells
AND
in CMI the infected host cells present the antigen
* {B cells / plasma cells} involved in the HIR but not in the C-MIR
* antibodies involved in HIR
AND
enzymes in C-MIR
* HIR involved in pathogens and infected host
cells and cancer cells
AND
C-MIR involved with host-infected cells
where is the etc
inner membrane of mitochondria
epigenetic modificatation
changes in gene expression without a change in
base sequence
