1.2

Question 1

disulpate bond

Answer 1

s-s
reducting agents split

Question 2

van der waals

Answer 2

weak forces of attraction between non polar groups
water is excluded to keep the side chains together
raise in temp breaks

Question 3

glycogen

Answer 3

used to store carbs in animals
made of alpha glucose
similar structure to amlypectin
-branched
less dense and more soluble than starch so broken down quicker
-higher metabolic rate in animals

Question 4

primary structure

Answer 4

sequence of amino acids in a polypetite chain
can fold up to form different structures through different types of bonding
<>-<>-<>-
peptite bonds

Question 5

cellulose

Answer 5

made of beta glucose
each monomer is inverted
forms chains which run parallel with hydrogen bonds between the chains to form microfibrils
microfibrils are strong
polar nature allows water to diffuse through
bonded together by hydrogen bonds
used in plant cell walls

Question 6

structure of polysaccharides

Answer 6

storage molecules
can form very compact molecules so large numbers can be stored
glycosidic bonds are easily broken allowing rapid release of monosaccharide units for cellular respiration
not very soluble in water - little effect on water potential within a cell

Question 7

fibrious proteins

Answer 7

forms long chains or fibres
fibrous nature means they are insoluble
useful for structure and support
collogen
- found in skin, teeth, bones, tendons, blood, vessel walls
fibres form a triple-helix of polypeptite chains
held together by hydrogen bonds
many tropocollagen joined together

Question 8

quaternary structure

Answer 8

some proteins consist of more than one polypeptite chain held together in a precise 3D structre
2 main types
-globular
-fibrous
can involve the addition of a non amino acid dirvied groups known as prosteitc groups

Question 9

structure of alpha glucose

Answer 9

Question 10

structure of beta glucose

Answer 10

Question 11

sucrose

Answer 11

disaccharide
alpha glucose + fructose
not a reducing sugar

Question 12

maltose

Answer 12

disaccharide
alpha glucose + alpha glucose
reducing sugar

Question 13

lactose

Answer 13

disaccharide
alpha glucose + beta galactose
reducing sugar

Question 14

monosacharide examples

Answer 14

glucose
fructose
ribose
galactose

Question 15

dissacharides

Answer 15

two monosacharides bonded together with a glycosidic bond in condensation reaction
sucrose
maltose
lactose

Question 16

polysaccharides examples

Answer 16

starch
cellulose
glycogen

Question 17

lipids

Answer 17

made of hydrocarbons
have covalent and ester bonds
e.g
triglycerides
phospholipids

Question 18

structure of ribose

Answer 18

Question 19

phospholipids

Answer 19

make up plaza membranes
contain a phosphate group
two fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
phosphate head is hydrophillic
tails are hydrophobic
form in a circle

Question 20

amino acid structure

Answer 20

H
NH3 -C- COOH
R
they make proteins

Question 21

amalyose

Answer 21

long
unbranched
helical
has 1,4 glycosidic bonds
-makes it compact, so good for storage

Question 22

uses of lipids

Answer 22

waterproofing organisms
-waterproofing the fur and feathers of mamals (oil)
waxes for plants and insects
good insulators
because they are hydrophobic

Question 23

haemaglobin

Answer 23

globular protein
quaternary structure
4 polypeptite chains
-2 α subunits
-2 β subunits
-4 haem prostetic groups (iron)

Question 24

globular protein

Answer 24

form a spherical mass
fold up so that the hydrophillic groups are on the outside and hydrophobic on the inside

Question 25

ionic bonds

Answer 25

between opositly charged particles
broken by changing ph

Question 26

triglyceride

Answer 26

made up of fats and oils
hydrophobic acid tails carboxylic acid
3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol by an ester bond
bonds in a condensation reaction
same basic structure (RCOOH)

Question 27

secondary structure

Answer 27

folding of the primary structure of polypeptite chains into α-helixes and β pleated sheets
hydrogen bonding between amino acids in the chain
h bonds form between
CO- carboxl group and NH- amine group

Question 28

starch

Answer 28

made of alpha glucose
helical structure of starch makes it good for storage in plants
insoluble
made of two types of polysaccharides:
-amylose
-amylopectin

Question 29

bonds between monosaccharides

Answer 29

glycosydic bonds

Question 30

tertiary structure

Answer 30

secondary fold up to form a very precise 3D structure
bonds involved
-hydrogen
-disulphate
-ionic
-van der waal
between R groups

Question 31

general formula for monosaccharides

Answer 31

(CH2O)n
triose-n=3
pentose-n=5

Question 32

amylopectin

Answer 32

long
branched
branches allow enzymes to break it down easily so glucose can be released for respiration

Question 33

amino acid bonding

Answer 33

condensation reaction
peptite bond
forms dipeptite or polypeptite
folds or coils or associates with other polypeptie chain to form a protein

Question 34

hydrogen bond

Answer 34

forms between dipoles
breaks by high temps and change in ph

Question 35

monosacharides bonding reaction

Answer 35

condensation reaction
water is given off

Question 36

globular protein solubility

Answer 36

polar hydrophillic head on outside non polar hydrophobic tail on inside
head forms hydrogen bonds with water
because water is a polar solvent