2.1 Flashcards
golgi aparatus
series of fluid filled, flattned and curved sacs
(cisternae) with vesticles surrounding
sorts processes and packages proteins and lipids
produces lysosomes
modifies e.g add prostetic group
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
a system of membrane bound sacs
the ser synthesises and processes lipids and steroids
detoxifying harmful chemicals
mitochondria/mitochondrion
bound by a double membrane
inner membrane folds to form cristae
which provides large surface area for the attachment of enzymes in aeoribic repsiration
matrix on the inside contains enzymes for respiration
has ribosomes
produces atp
chloroplasts
double membrane
thylakonoids - flat disks that are stacked
-1st stage of photosynthesis
stoma- fluid filled matrix
-2nd stage
plant wall
made of cellulose microfibriliis
plasmodesmata form pathway to allow molecules to pass
middle lamella seperates ajacent cell walls - holds together
ribosomes
80s in eukaryote
70s in prokaryote
formed of protein and rrna
large subunit which joins amino acids and small subunit with mrna binding site
site of protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum
series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrate with ribosomes surrounding it
folds and processes proteins
involved in translation
nucleous
surrounded by a double membrane
(nuclear membrane)
nuclear pores allow substances to enter/exit
contain a nucleolus (condensed middle) which is the site of ribosome production (containing protein and rna)
vacuole
surrounded by single phospholipid membrane called tonoplast
stores cell sap which contains mineral ions, water , enzymes
lysome
vesticles
containing digestive enzymes
bound by a single membrane
can fuse with virus and old organelle and digest them -apoptosis
membrane proteins
proteins float within the membrane
function is to help substanves move across the membranes in pores or chanells
if they can be opened or closed they are gated channels
either have active carrier systems or simple gaps
centriole
hollow cylinder containing a ring of microtubials arranged at 90*
involved in cell division
where is the genetic information stored in
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
single length of dna stored floating freely in the cytoplasm
chromosomes in the nucleus
fluid mosaic model
electron microscope
electrons form a beam to focus images
0.00001 micrometres resolution
scanning and transmition
have to be dead to proudce specimin as observed in vacuum
expensive and large
huge powers of mag + res
light microscope
1500x magnifaction
has to be thin
illuminated from beneath
most specimins will be dead and stained
limited powers of magnifacation and resolution
cheap
small
protoplasm
cytoplasm and nucleus conbined
phospholipid bylayer
lipids in the mebrane and polar lipids (phospholipids)
hydrophillic heads pointing out while hydrophobic tails stay inside
resolution
high res better
so can see two separate structures
wavelength of electrons is shorter than light so higher res + mag
setting up a microscrope
low power to locate specimin
med power to focus
high power after found
meaasuring in a microscope
use eyepiece graticule
calibrate with stage micrometre
I
AM
multiple measurements
function of the golgi
vesicles containing protein from rer fuse with golgi
packages and modifies proteins
-can add prostetic group
packages in vesicles
vesicles fuse with cell membrane
why are stains used in microscopes
greater contrast
taken up by specific parts of the cell
