2.1

Question 1

golgi aparatus

Answer 1

series of fluid filled, flattned and curved sacs
(cisternae) with vesticles surrounding
sorts processes and packages proteins and lipids
produces lysosomes
modifies e.g add prostetic group

Question 2

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 2

a system of membrane bound sacs
the ser synthesises and processes lipids and steroids
detoxifying harmful chemicals

Question 3

mitochondria/mitochondrion

Answer 3

bound by a double membrane
inner membrane folds to form cristae
which provides large surface area for the attachment of enzymes in aeoribic repsiration
matrix on the inside contains enzymes for respiration
has ribosomes
produces atp

Question 4

chloroplasts

Answer 4

double membrane
thylakonoids - flat disks that are stacked
-1st stage of photosynthesis
stoma- fluid filled matrix
-2nd stage

Question 5

plant wall

Answer 5

made of cellulose microfibriliis
plasmodesmata form pathway to allow molecules to pass
middle lamella seperates ajacent cell walls - holds together

Question 6

ribosomes

Answer 6

80s in eukaryote
70s in prokaryote
formed of protein and rrna
large subunit which joins amino acids and small subunit with mrna binding site
site of protein synthesis

Question 7

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 7

series of flattened sacs enclosed by a membrate with ribosomes surrounding it
folds and processes proteins
involved in translation

Question 8

nucleous

Answer 8

surrounded by a double membrane
(nuclear membrane)
nuclear pores allow substances to enter/exit
contain a nucleolus (condensed middle) which is the site of ribosome production (containing protein and rna)

Question 9

vacuole

Answer 9

surrounded by single phospholipid membrane called tonoplast
stores cell sap which contains mineral ions, water , enzymes

Question 10

lysome

Answer 10

vesticles
containing digestive enzymes
bound by a single membrane
can fuse with virus and old organelle and digest them -apoptosis

Question 11

membrane proteins

Answer 11

proteins float within the membrane
function is to help substanves move across the membranes in pores or chanells
if they can be opened or closed they are gated channels
either have active carrier systems or simple gaps

Question 12

centriole

Answer 12

hollow cylinder containing a ring of microtubials arranged at 90*
involved in cell division

Question 13

where is the genetic information stored in
prokaryotes
eukaryotes

Answer 13

single length of dna stored floating freely in the cytoplasm
chromosomes in the nucleus

Question 14

fluid mosaic model

Answer 14

Question 15

electron microscope

Answer 15

electrons form a beam to focus images
0.00001 micrometres resolution
scanning and transmition
have to be dead to proudce specimin as observed in vacuum
expensive and large
huge powers of mag + res

Question 16

light microscope

Answer 16

1500x magnifaction
has to be thin
illuminated from beneath
most specimins will be dead and stained
limited powers of magnifacation and resolution
cheap
small

Question 17

protoplasm

Answer 17

cytoplasm and nucleus conbined

Question 18

phospholipid bylayer

Answer 18

lipids in the mebrane and polar lipids (phospholipids)
hydrophillic heads pointing out while hydrophobic tails stay inside

Question 19

resolution

Answer 19

high res better
so can see two separate structures
wavelength of electrons is shorter than light so higher res + mag

Question 20

setting up a microscrope

Answer 20

low power to locate specimin
med power to focus
high power after found

Question 21

meaasuring in a microscope

Answer 21

use eyepiece graticule
calibrate with stage micrometre
I
AM
multiple measurements

Question 22

function of the golgi

Answer 22

vesicles containing protein from rer fuse with golgi
packages and modifies proteins
-can add prostetic group
packages in vesicles
vesicles fuse with cell membrane

Question 23

why are stains used in microscopes

Answer 23

greater contrast
taken up by specific parts of the cell