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biology > 2.2 > Flashcards

2.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the bacteria cell wall do

A

hypertonic contents so water moves in by osmosis
prevents swelling and bursting
maintains the shape of the bacterium
support and protection to contents of cell
some have slime capsule protects from phagocytis by white blood cells

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2
Q

peptidoglycan

A

all cell walls consist of a layer
made up of many parallel polysaccharide chains with short peptite cross linkages making net like structure

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3
Q

pili

A

some bacteria have one to several hundred protein projections
used for attachment to host cell and sexual reproduction
more vunrable to bacteriaphage (virus)

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4
Q

cell surface membrane

A

similar in both pro and eu but pro have no mitochondria so membrane is site of some respiratory enzymes
some have mesomes

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5
Q

plasmid

A

small circles of dna
codes for a particular aspect of the bacterial phenotype
can reproduce independently of the nucleoid
can be transfered by pili

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6
Q

nucleoid

A

genetic material conists of single length of dna often circular not contained in the membrane bound nucleus found in the nucleoid

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7
Q

gram postive

A

thick later of peptidoglycan
staining trapped in layer so remains purple
has teicholic acid
no outer membrane
no lipids

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8
Q

gram negative

A

thin later of peptidoglycan
staining goes pink
no teichonic acid
outer membrane
has lipids

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9
Q

antibiotics

A

some inhibit formation of peptioglycan therfor affective against positive
some can penetrate thin negative layer but cannot get through positive

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10
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

spherical - cocci
rod - bacilli
twisted - spirilla
comma - vibrios

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11
Q

obligate aerobes

A

need oxygen for respiration

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12
Q

faculitative aerobes

A

use if available but can manage without

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13
Q

obligate anerobes

A

can only respire when no oxygen

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14
Q

virus structure

A

some have envelope which makes easy to pass but more vunrable to substances entering
capsid (protein coat) is made of repeating units (capsomeres)

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15
Q

dna viruses

A

genetic material is dna
acts as template for both new dna and mrna needed for viral proteins
e.g
- small pocks
-lamda phage

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16
Q

rna viruses

A

70% have rna
much more likely to mutate
positive sense
can be translated at ribosomes
-tobacco mosaic
-polio
-hepatitis c
negative sense
- ebola
-measles
must be translated before translated at the ribosomes

17
Q

lytic pathway

A

virus attaches to host cell
inserts genetic material
viral proteins made
virus multiplys by DNA replication
cells lyses viruses released
virulent (disease causing)

18
Q

viral entering cell

A

endocytosis then host digests capsid releasing genetic material
viral envelope fuses with the host cell surface releasing rest of the virus
vector

19
Q

lysogenic

A

non virulent
they insert their dna into the host dna so it is replicated everytime the host replicates
host is a provirus
virus is latent
however if the host is damaged it can enter the lytic pathway

20
Q

rna retrovirus

A

protein capsid and lipid envelope
single strand rna directs enzyme reverse transcriptase this goes on to make dna corresponding to the viral genome
incorporated into the host cell dna and used as template
-hiv

21
Q

positive rna virus replication

A

makes rna polymerase which replicates the viral rna

22
Q

negative rna replication

A

antisense strand must be translated into sense strand by rna replicase

23
Q

rna retrovirus replication

A

translate the viral rna into dna by reverse transcriptase then passes into the nucleus of host cell and inserted into dna new viral material is syntehsised and the new particles leave by exocytosis and the host cell continues function and virus making

24
Q

how to stop virus

A

target enzymes help translate or replicate the viral dna or rna
inhibit the enzymes that enable new virus particles to bud

25
Q

development of medicines

A

research and development
pre clinical research - tests on cells and animals
cinical research - human trials
fda approval
post market safety monitering

26
Q

ethics of fast tracking vaccines

A

severtiy
availably of other treatments
freedom of choice
involvement in the community
who gets drug
informed consent

27
Q

methods of identification

A

lab tests
spinal tap
blood tests
urine tests
biopsies

28
Q

needs oxygen for respiration

A

obligate aerobes

29
Q

cannot respire in oxygen

A

obligate anaerobes

30
Q

can respire with and without oxygen

A

facculate aerobes

31
Q

why can you not use antibiotics on viruses

A

viruses are non living
no cell wall
so can mean antibiotic resistance

32
Q

dna viruses

A

lambda phage
-complex protein capsid
-non enveloped

33
Q

salmonella

A

gram negative
endotoxins

34
Q

delay before lysing in cells

A

genetic material needs to enter
synthesis of DNA
protein synthesis
new virus particles

35
Q

latent

A

virus dna integrated into host cell
virus is dormant
virus nucelic acid replicates when host divides

36
Q

rna virus

A

surrounded by protein coat
Hiv
- reverse transcriptase
-polyhedral capsid
-enveloped
ebola
-enveloped
tobacco mosaic
-non enveloped

biology (33 decks)

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