7.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

recombinant dna

A

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining DNA from different organisms

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2
Q

genetic engineering

A

1- isolating required gene - restriction enzyme
2-inserting gene into vector - ligase
3-transformation, gene is delivered into required cell
e.g microinjection
4-identifacation of host cells
5-grow cells with new gene on large scale - cloning

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3
Q

tranformation

A

vector needs to be placed back into the host cells
these cells are said to be transformed
- one way is to place the cells into ice cold calcium chloride to make cell walls permeable
-then you add to water bath at 42* for 2 mins
-then put back on ice

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4
Q

vectors

A

transfer required gene and gene markers into new cells
can recombine with appropriate host chromosome but others remain as autonomous recombinant plasmids

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5
Q

gene guns

A

dna is shot into cell at high speed carrier on minute gold or tungsten pellets.
some cells survive and accept DNA

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6
Q

liposome wrapping

A

the gene to be inserted is wrapped in liposomes (spheres formed from a lipid bilayer) these fuse with the cell membrane as can pass through it to deliver DNA into cytoplasm

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7
Q

microinjection

A

dna is injected into a cell through a fine micropippete.
this is manipulated using a micromanipulator
not very accurate method
many cells have to be injected before one is successful
but it is the method with most success

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8
Q

genetic engeneering

A

restriction enzymes make cuts in dna making sticky ends
also can cut plasmids open
section of target DNA added to host and sticky ends line up
ligase joins together

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9
Q

isolating genes method 1

A

reverse transcriptase
rna is taken from target cell
reverse transcriptase catalyses the production of DNA from RNa and nucelotides
DNA polymerase and free nulceotides from double stranded DNA

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10
Q

isolating genes method 2

A

restriction endonuclease
gene removed using restriction enzymes
different enzymes cut different positions
-recognition sequence

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11
Q

gene machine

A

computer examines amino acid sequences
creates small non overlapping section of DNA
joined to create desired gene
PCR is used to amplify

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12
Q

making gm plants

A

usualy use the bacterium agrobacterium tumerfaciens
which causes tumors in plants
contains a plasmid called Ti which transfers gm into plants
as plants remain totipotents tissue culture can then be used

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13
Q

knockout organisms

A

one or more genes silenced
-similar gene added so origional cannot be read
can be used to identify function of genes

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14
Q

gm crops benefits egs

A

flood resistant rice
pesticide resitance
changing nutrients

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15
Q

gm soya bean

A

herbecide resistance
fatty acid balance

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16
Q

pros of genetic technology

A

understand diseases
find cures
solve monetary problems
nutrient deficiencies

17
Q

cons of genetic technolgy

A

anitbiotic resistance passed on
infertile seeds
digesting foreign DNA
environmental concern about gene transfer to wild species
objection to use of animals
bias towards more rich