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biology chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a balanced diet

A

we need a balanced diet for healthy growth and development of our bodies. a balanced diet contains the right amount of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, mineral ions, water and dietary fibre to meet the daily requirements of the body

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2
Q

what is the function of vitamin c

A

needed for synthesis of collagen, a protein needed to help wounds heal and bind cells together

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2
Q

what is the deficiency disease of vitamin c

A

scurvy - swollen bleeding gums, internal bleeding in muscles and skin, difficulty in wound healing and painful swelling of joints

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3
Q

what are some of the vitamins or mineral ions that are needed for a balanced diet

A

vitamin c, vitamin d, calcium and iron

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4
Q

what are the sources of vitamin c

A

citrus fruits - lemons and oranges, papaya, bananas and green vegtables

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5
Q

what is the deficiency disease of vitamin d

A

rickets in children, risks of tooth decay, bones become soft and pliable, and bones can bend under the body weight, resulting in bowed legs or knocked knees

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5
Q

what is the function of vitamin d

A

promotes absorption of calcium and phosphates from the intestines, and helps keep teeth and bones strong

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6
Q

what are the sources of vitamin d

A

egg yolk, liver or liver oil, sardines, tuna and salmon

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7
Q

what is the function of calcium

A

needed for healthy bones and teeth, muscle contractions and the clotting of blood

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8
Q

what is the deficiency disease of calcium

A
  • rickets in children
  • osteoporosis in adults; bones become fragile and less dense and there is an increased risk of fracture
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9
Q

what are the sources of calcium

A

milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables, tofu and soy beans

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10
Q

what is the function of an iron

A

needed for making haemoglobin, the red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen around the body

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11
Q

what is the deficiency disease of iron

A

anaemia; the person looks pale due to the lack of blood cells and gets tired easily due to insufficient oxygen for respiration

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12
Q

what are the sources of iron

A

liver, egg yolk, meat and green leafy vegetables

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13
Q

how do we know which fruits have the highest vitamin c content

A

test for the vitamin c content in fruits

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14
Q

how can we test for the vitamin c content in fruits

A
  1. using a syringe, fill a test tube with 2 cm^2 of DCPIP
  2. fill a dropper with some orange juice
  3. add the orange juice, one drop at a time, into the test tube of DCPIP
  4. swirl the mixture after adding each drops of orange juice
  5. repeat steps 1 to 4 with apple juice and pineapple juice
  6. record the number of drops of juice needed to turn DCPIP colourless
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15
Q

what is nutrition

A

nutrition is a process by which food and energy for growth, repair and maintenance of the body

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16
Q

what are the processes of nutrition

A
  • feeding or ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • assimilation
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16
Q

define feeding or ingestion

A

food taken into the body

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17
Q

define digestion

A

large food molecules are broken down into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the body cells

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18
Q

what is the human digestive system connect to

A

the human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the organs connected to it, the alimentary canal is a long tibe that extends from the mouth to the anus, with most lengths coiled in the abdomen.

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18
Q

define absorption

A

nutrients move from the small intestine into the bloodstream

19
Q

define assimilation

A

cells use nutrients, for example to provide energy for making new cytoplasm for growth

19
Q

in order, state the path of food along the alimentary canal

A

mouth -> oesophagus -> stomach -> duodenum -> ileum -> colon -> rectum -> anus

19
what is the function of the mouth
Food is ingested here and the teeth break it down into smaller pieces during mechanical digestion
20
what is the function of the oesophagus
This tube connects the mouth to the stomach Contractions of the walls of the oesophagus force the food downwards; this is peristalsis
21
what is the function of the stomach
Churning of the muscular stomach walls continues the process of mechanical digestion Protease enzymes begin protein digestion Hydrochloric acid provides a suitable pH for the enzymes and also destroys any pathogens in food
22
what is the function of the colon
Remaining water is absorbed from food into the blood, and the solid waste left behind in the colon forms faeces vv
23
what is the function of the duodenum
Food enters the small intestine from the stomach here The acidic stomach contents are neutralised by bile and become slightly alkaline Enzymes complete chemical digestion here
24
what is the function of the rectum
Faeces are stored here prior to egestion
24
what is the function of the ileum
Food and water are absorbed into the blood via villi in the lining of the ileum
25
what is the function of the anus
Faeces leave the body via the anus; this is egestion
26
what is the function of the liver
Bile is produced here Bile aids the digestion of fats, as well as neutralising stomach acid as it exits the stomach
26
what is the function of the pancreas
Amylase, protease and lipase enzymes are produced here before being released into the duodenum
27
what is physical digestion
physical digestion involves the mechanical breakdown of food into small pieces without any chemical change to the food molecules
27
define digestion
digestion is the process whereby large food molecules are broken done into soluble molecules that can be absorbed intp the body cells
28
give an example of physical digestion
in the mouth, where food is chewed by the teeth and the tongue mixes the food with the saliva
29
what are some of the processes that take place in the mouth
- the food in the mouth stimulates the salivary glands to secrete saliva - saliva is mixed with the food. mucus in saliva helps to soften the food - the tongue rolls the food into small, slippery round masses or boli
30
what is chemical digestion
chemical digestion is the breaking down of the large molecules in food, such as proteins, starch and fats into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed. this involves chemical reactions catalysed by digestive enzymes
31
what are some of the digestive processes that take place in the stomach
- the presence of food in the stomach stimulates the gastric glands to secrete juice into the stomach cavity - pepsin digests proteins into shorts chains of amino acids - the partly digested food becomes liquefied forming chyme.
32
what are some of the digestive processes that take place in the small intestine
- the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice into the duodenum. the pancreatic juice passes through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum. the pancreatic juice contains enzymes, the pancreatic amylase, tryspin and pancreatic lipase. - the gall bladder to release bile into the duodenum. bile passes through the bile duct into the duodenum. the bile does not contain enzymes so it cannot digest food, but it speeds up the digestion of fats
33
how are carbohydrates digested
the food we eat may contain starch and other carbohydrates such as lactose, sucrose and cellulose. starch is digested by amylase.
34
how are proteins digested
Proteases are a group of enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine
35
state the process in order of how proteins are digested
protein pepsin polypeptides -------->
36
how are fats digested
In the small intestine, bile emulsifies fats. This causes the fats to break into tiny fat droplets suspended in water, forming an emulsion. Note that this is just a physical breakdown. No chemical digestion of fat molecules has occurred. Emulsification increases the surface area to volume ratio of the fats, speeding up their digestion by lipase
37
what is the word equation for the digestion of fats
fats --------> fatty acid + glycerol
38
what is the secretion of the mouth what is the source of the mouth what are the enzymes in the mouth what is the action in the mouth
- saliva - salivary glands - salivary amylase - starch turning into maltose
39
what is the secretion of the stomach what is the source of the stomach what are the enzymes in the stomach what is the action in the stomach
- gastric juice - gastric glands - pepsin - proteins turning into polypetides
40
what is the secretion of the small intestine what is the source of the small intestine what are the enzymes in the small intestine what is the action in the small intestine
- bile, pancreatic juice, intestinal enzymes - liver, pancreas, epithelial cells - trypsin, amylase, lipase, protease, maltase - bile emulsifies fats, proteins into polypeptides, starch into maltose, fats into fatty acids and glycerol
41
how is the small intestine adapted for absorption
- The inner surface has numerous minute finger-like projections called villi. This increases the surface area for absorption - The epithelium or wall of the villus is only one cell thick. This provides a short diffusion distance for nutrients to pass through. - Each villus contains a lacteal to transport the absorbed fats away
42
how does absorption take place in the intestine
- Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by diffusion into the blood capillaries of the vill?. The villi cover the inner surface of the small intestine - Most of the water is absorbed in the small intestine by osmosis.
43
what happens after the absorption in the small intestine
- The blood rich in nutrients is transported to the liver. - Most of the absorbed sugars are converted into glycogen and stored - Some glucose is transported by the blood leaving the liver and is distributed around the body:
44
what are the type of teeth and their functions
* Incisors: for biting and cutting Canines: for tearing. holding and biting * Premolars: for chewing and grinding * Molars: for chewing and grinding
45
what is the structure of the teeth in order
enamel, dentine, neck, gum, cement, jabone

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