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Biology > Biology Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Give an example of an element.

A

Carbon gold aluminum etc. anything found on the periodic table of the elements

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2
Q

Everything in the universe is made of how many different elements?

A

92

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3
Q

Living things contain a maximum of how many elements?

A

25

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4
Q

What are the four most important elements that make up 96% of the human body?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

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5
Q

Most of the rest of the body is made up of what four elements?

A

Calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur (CaK PS)

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6
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.

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7
Q

Give three examples of compounds.

A

Salt, water, plastic

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8
Q

What is an Atom?

A

The smallest unit of an element.

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9
Q

Name the three particles an Atom is made up of.

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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10
Q

Where is a proton located?

A

In the nucleus of an atom

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11
Q

Where is a neutron located?

A

In the nucleus of an atom

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12
Q

Where is an electron located?

A

On the shell(s) of an atom.

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13
Q

What is the weight of a proton?

A

One Dalton (amu)

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14
Q

What is the weight of a neutron?

A

One Dalton (amu)

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15
Q

What is the weight of an electron?

A

1/2000 dalton (amu)

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16
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

+1

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17
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

0

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18
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

-1

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19
Q

What does the atomic number tell you about an Atom?

A

The number of protons and the number of electrons. They are the same. The periodic table arranges elements in order of their atomic number.

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20
Q

Name the first 10 elements in order of their atomic number.

A

Hydrogen helium lithium beryllium boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon

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21
Q

What does the atomic mass tell you about an atom?

A

Number of protons plus neutrons

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22
Q

What is an isotope?

A

And Atom of the same element that differs in the number of neutrons

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23
Q

What are radioactive atoms?

A

Large isotopes that break apart, releasing energy

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24
Q

Name the three types of energy that can be released from a radioactive atom.

A

Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays

25
Q

The energy released from a radioactive atom, that is weak and cannot penetrate paper is called?

A

Alpha particles

26
Q

The energy that is released from a radio active Atom, that is stronger and can penetrate paper but not metal is?

A

Beta particles

27
Q

The energy that is released from radioactive Atoms, that is very strong and can penetrate metal and harm living things is?

A

Gamma rays

28
Q

What can radioactive Atoms be used for?

A
  1. To track chemicals in the body
  2. To work out the age of fossils (radiocarbon dating)
  3. To track the movement of individual animals (e.g. butterflies)
29
Q

Which is the only particle of an Atom that is involved in chemical bonds?

A

Electrons

30
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons in the outer shell of an atom. All atoms try to fill their valence shell with electrons when they form chemical bonds.

31
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the first shell of an atom

A

2

32
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the second shell of an atom?

A

8

33
Q

What is the maximum number of electrons in the third shell of an Atom?

A

8

34
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds.

35
Q

Name two characteristics of covalent bonds.

A
  1. Very strong
  2. Atoms share electrons
    Example hydrogen gas (H2), water (H2O)
36
Q

Name two characteristics of ionic bonds.

A
  1. Strong
  2. One Atom gives electrons to another
    Example NaCL (Table salt)
37
Q

Name 3 characteristics of hydrogen bonds.

A
  1. Weak
  2. A hydrogen atom is attracted to a slight negative charge on a different molecule.
  3. Important in sending signals from nerves to muscles.
38
Q

Name five characteristics of water.

A
  1. Good solvent
  2. Cohesive
  3. High specific heat
  4. High heat of vaporization
  5. Expands when it freezes
39
Q

Why is water a good solvent?

A

Many chemicals dissolve in it.

40
Q

How can some animals walk on water?

A

The molecules in water stick together with hydrogen bonds.

41
Q

What is meant by high specific heat?

A

It takes a lot of energy to heat

42
Q

What is meant by high heat of vaporization?

A

It takes a lot of Energy to evaporate water

43
Q

What makes ice float?

A

Water expands when it freezes so ice floats.

44
Q

At what temperature is water most dense?

A

4°C (39°F)

45
Q

What is an acid?

A

A substance that gives off hydrogen ions (H +)

46
Q

Give an example of an acid.

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

47
Q

What is a base (alkali)?

A

A substance that absorbs hydrogen ions.

48
Q

Give an example of a base.

A

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

49
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

How acidic or basic a chemical is.

50
Q

What is the pH of stomach acid?

A

2

51
Q

What is the pH of coffee?

A

5

52
Q

What is the pH of ammonia?

A

11

53
Q

What is the pH of oven cleaner?

A

13

54
Q

The pH scale is logarithmic. What does that mean?

A

If pH drops by one unit the number of hydrogen ions increases by 10 times. (pH 5 has 10 times the number of hydrogen ions as pH 6).

55
Q

What is the pH of natural (unpolluted) rain?

A

5.5

56
Q

What is the pH of Florida rain?

A

4.5

57
Q

What is the pH of NE US rain?

A

3.5

58
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down by chemical reaction

Biology (19 decks)

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