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Biology > Biology Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 12 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitosis is a type of cell division that

A

leaves two identical copies of a cell

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2
Q

In mitosis, the chromosome number is

A

Unchanged

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3
Q

Most cells divide by

A

Mitosis (skin, blood, kidney)

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4
Q

Why is nerve and brain damage usually permanent?

A

Nerve and brain cells rarely divide after childhood

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5
Q

Interphase

A

The cell grows and DNA replicates

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6
Q

Interphase is followed by

A

Mitosis

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

The cell divides into two

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8
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase,
metaphase,
anaphase,
telophase

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9
Q

Prophase

A

The spindle forms. The chromosomes are visible scattered at random

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10
Q

What is the spindle, that forms during prophase, made of?

A

Microtubules

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11
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

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12
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide. The chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell (V shape)

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13
Q

Telophase

A

Two nuclei form. The cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis)

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14
Q

During telophase in animals, how does it divide?

A

The cell membrane pushes inwards from the outer edge making a cleavage furrow, so the center is the last part that divides

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15
Q

During telophase in plants, how does it divide?

A

The cytoplasm separates from the center of the cell towards the outside by forming a cell plate

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16
Q

When do normal cells divide?

A

When the correct growth factor is present.

When each cell is not completely surrounded by other cells.

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17
Q

What do proteins inside the cell control?

A

The cell cycle

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18
Q

What do cyclins in the nucleus control?

A

The replication of DNA

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19
Q

The 2001 Nobel prize was awarded to

A

The people who discovered cyclins

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20
Q

What do protein kinases switch on?

A

Proto-onco genes that start mitosis

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21
Q

A mutation in a proto-onco gene can turn it into

A

An oncogene that causes cancer (uncontrolled cell division)

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22
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Prevent mitosis and make abnormal cells kill themselves

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23
Q

What is an example of a tumor suppressor gene?

A

p53

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24
Q

Why is cancer more common in older people?

A

Most cancers have mutations in the tumor suppressor genes and as you get older the chance of mutation increases

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25
Q

Cancer cells keep dividing even if

A

Surrounded by other cells

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26
Q

A benign tumor

A

Is limited to one site and cannot spread

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27
Q

A malignant tumor

A

Cancer cells spread around the body in the blood

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28
Q

Metastasis

A

The cancer has spread

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29
Q

What is cell division needed for?

A

Growth, reproduction, and to replace dead cells

30
Q

What are causes of cancer?

A

Environment,

Genetics

31
Q

Environment

A
  • Carcinogens (chemicals which cause cancer)
  • Radiation
  • Ultra-violet (UV) light causes skin cancer
  • Virus (the virus HPV causes cancer of the cervix)
32
Q

Genetics

A

Some cancers have a high genetic risk

33
Q

What are high risk cancers?

A

Prostate, colon, breast, skin, ovary

34
Q

What are low risk cancers?

A

Lung, pancreas, testicles, uterus

35
Q

What are some cancer treatments?

A

Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

36
Q

Surgery

A

Removes cancer cells. Best for benign tumors

37
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Chemicals that kill dividing cells. Standard for malignant tumors

38
Q

What is a problem with chemotherapy?

A

Side effects. Kills all cells that are dividing.

39
Q

Radiation

A

Kills all the cells in one spot. Standard for malignant tumors

40
Q

What are problems with radiation?

A

Kills all cells in the area, whether cancerous or not, causes side effects.

Can cause new cancer to start.

41
Q

Prostate cancer

A

39,000 annual deaths

93% 5 year survival rate

Early detection through exam and blood

42
Q

Breast cancer

A

44,000 annual deaths

85% 5 year survival rate

Early detection through self exam and mammogram

43
Q

Colon cancer

A

57,000 annual deaths

62% 5 year survival rate

Early detection through exam and blood

44
Q

Lung cancer

A

160,000 annual deaths

14% 5 year survival rate

No early detection

45
Q

What are cancer survival rates from lowest to highest?

A

Lung,
Colon,
Breast,
Prostate

46
Q

Most cancer research is done using human cells grown in the lab called

A

HeLa cells

47
Q

Who are HeLa cells named for?

A

Henrietta Lacks

48
Q

What cells have telomerase?

A

Cancer cells

49
Q

Telomerase

A

An enzyme that repairs the telomeres on the ends of the chromosomes

50
Q

Cancer researchers are developing

A

Inhibitors against telomerase

Inhibitors that stop cancer cells from producing new blood vessels

Medications that boost the immune system

51
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Offspring are identical (clones)

Only one parent

Cells divide by mitosis

52
Q

What are examples of asexual Reproduction?

A

Bacteria, banana

53
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Offspring vary

2 parents

Sex cells have one set of chromosomes, compared to two sets in a normal cell

54
Q

What are sex cells called?

A

Gametes

55
Q

Gametes are produced by

A

Meiosis

56
Q

Diploid cells

A

Have 2 sets of chromosomes (2n)

57
Q

Examples of diploid cells

A

Skin, stomach, liver

58
Q

Regular body cells are also called

A

Somatic cells

59
Q

In humans, diploid cells have how many chromosomes?

A

46 chromosomes

60
Q

Haploid cells

A

Have one set of chromosomes (n)

61
Q

Examples of haploid cells

A

Sperm and egg (called the gametes or sex cells)

62
Q

In humans, haploid close have how many chromosomes?

A

23 chromosomes

63
Q

What are sources of genetic variations?

A

Independent assortment

Crossing over

Random fertilization

64
Q

Independent assortment

A

Picking 23 chromosomes from 46 in humans

65
Q

In a species with 3 chromosomes in gametes it gives

A

8 genetic combinations

66
Q

How many independent assortment combinations are in humans?

A

8 million

67
Q

Crossing over

A

Changes the combinations of genes that are inherited. May give thousands of different combinations (exact number is unknown)

68
Q

Random fertilization

A

The sperm that fertilizes the egg is chosen at random

69
Q

In a species with 3 genetically different gametes it gives

A

9 combinations

70
Q

How many random fertilization combinations are in humans?

A

70 trillion

Biology (19 decks)

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