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Biology > Biology Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Who first studied genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel

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2
Q

When did Gregor Mendel study genetics?

A

1850 - 1870

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3
Q

What did Gregor Mendel use to study genetics?

A

Peas

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4
Q

Mendels genetic factors proved in 1952 to be

A

DNA

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5
Q

DNA is divided into

A

Genes

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6
Q

Each gene has the code for making what?

A

One protein

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7
Q

Human DNA has roughly how many genes?

A

25,000

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8
Q

Genes can be several alternative types called

A

Alleles

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9
Q

Examples of alleles are

A

Allele B for brown hair

Allele b for blonde hair

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10
Q

How many alleles do you inherit?

A

2 (one from each parent)

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11
Q

Dominant allele

A

Has an effect whether you have one copy or two (BB or Bb, brown hair)

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12
Q

Recessive allele

A

Only has an effect if you inherit two copies (bb, blonde hair)

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13
Q

Genetics

A

The study of inheritance

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14
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic makeup of an individual (Bb)

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical appearance of an individual (brown hair)

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16
Q

Homozygous dominant

A

Two capital letters

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

One capital, one lower case

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18
Q

Homozygous recessive

A

Two lower case letters

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19
Q

Mendel’s first law of genetics

A

Different characteristics are caused by different alleles

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20
Q

Mendel’s second law of genetics

A

An organism inherits two alleles for each trait

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21
Q

Mendel’s third law of genetics

A

Each gamete only contains one allele for each trait

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22
Q

Mendel’s fourth law of genetics

A

In a heterozygous individual, only the dominant allele affects the trait

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23
Q

Monohybrid cross how many traits are studied?

A

Only one trait is studied

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24
Q

Dihybrid cross how many traits are studied?

A

Two traits are studied

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25
Q

Test cross

A

Used to work out an unknown genotype (dominant phenotype)

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26
Q

What is the unknown genotype crossed with?

A

A homozygous recessive individual

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27
Q

If all the offspring have the dominant phenotype, the unknown parent must be

A

Homozygous dominant

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28
Q

If some of the offspring have the recessive phenotype, the unknown parent must be

A

Heterozygous

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29
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Each trait is inherited independently

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30
Q

How many possible phenotypes in the dihybrid cross offspring?

A

Four

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31
Q

In a dihybrid cross, if two heterozygous individuals are crossed the result is a ratio of

A

9:3:3:1

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32
Q

Punnett squares work out the

A

Probability of getting a particular offspring

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33
Q

If two heterozygous individuals breed

A

3/4 of offspring will have the dominant trait and 1/4 will have the recessive trait

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34
Q

If two heterozygous people have children

A

Each child has a 1 in 4 (1/4) chance of being blonde

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35
Q

For a dihybrid cross

A

You multiply the probabilities together

36
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Both alleles affect the phenotype

37
Q

Homozygous dominant (red) looks different from

A

Heterozygous (pink)

38
Q

Both incomplete dominance alleles have

A

Capital letters

39
Q

If two heterozygous individuals are crossed in a state of incomplete dominance the offspring are in the ratio

A

1:2:1

40
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Trait is affected by several genes so the offspring of heterozygous parents can be very different from either parent

41
Q

A graph of the expected offspring from heterozygous parents follows a normal distribution curve

A

Examples: skin color, height

42
Q

Where are genes located?

A

Chromosomes

43
Q

Different species have different numbers of — but about the same amount of —.

A

Chromosomes, DNA

44
Q

A typical human chromosome has roughly how many genes on it?

A

1000

45
Q

Linked genes are on the sam

A

Chromosome

46
Q

Linked genes tend to be

A

Inherited together

47
Q

How are linked genes separated?

A

By crossing over in Prophase I

48
Q

What gives different results from the Punnett square prediction?

A

Linked genes being separated

49
Q

How does a genetic map gives the location of genes?

A

By working out the frequency of crossing over

50
Q

About what percent of a chromosome is genes?

A

10%

51
Q

What percent of the originally unknown (junk DNA) is active?

A

80%

52
Q

Most chromosomes consist of switches that turn what on and off?

A

Genes

53
Q

How many genetic switches are in human DNA?

A

4 million

54
Q

Non-sex chromosomes are called

A

Autosomal

55
Q

How many pairs of non-sex chromosomes do both men and women human cells have?

A

22 pairs

56
Q

How many pairs of sex chromosomes do human cells have?

A

1 pair

57
Q

The sex chromosomes in the female are

A

XX

58
Q

The sex chromosomes in the male are

A

XY

59
Q

X chromosomes have how many genes?

A

Over 1000 genes

60
Q

How many genes are in Y chromosomes?

A

Less than 80 genes

61
Q

What percent of human births are male?

A

52%

62
Q

What percent of human births are female?

A

48%

63
Q

Why is there a higher percent of male births than female births?

A

Sperm carrying the Y chromosome are lighter and swim faster than ones with the X chromosome

64
Q

Sex linked diseases mainly affect

A

Men

65
Q

Sex linked diseases are caused by recessive genes on the

A

X chromosome

66
Q

Women have — copies of X while men have — copies of X.

A

2,

1

67
Q

Sex-linked diseases are usually passed on from a carrier female to her

A

Son

68
Q

What percent of men are colorblind?

A

8%

69
Q

What percent of women are colorblind?

A

0.5%

70
Q

Hemophilia

A

Blood does not clot

71
Q

How many X chromosomes are active in women?

A

1

72
Q

What does the other X chromosome in women do?

A

Condensed to form the Barr body

73
Q

Where is the Barr body?

A

The edge of the nucleus

74
Q

Are the genes in the Barr body active or inactive?

A

Inactive

75
Q

Heterozygous females can have different — active in different parts of the body

A

X chromosomes

76
Q

What are Barr bodies used for?

A

To test for gender in sporting events like the Olympics, to make sure competitors a really are female

77
Q

Some genes have different effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or father. What are these genes called?

A

Genomic imprinting (the genes are imprinted)

78
Q

During genomic imprinting,

A

Some of the fathers genes are switched off and some of the mothers genes are switched off

79
Q

What will happen If two sperm or two eggs join

A

The embryo will not survive

80
Q

Mice with mainly the fathers genes have

A

Small heads and large bodies

81
Q

Mice with mainly the mothers genes have

A

Small bodies and large heads

82
Q

Mice with male imprinted genes affect

A

Lower parts of the brain (feeding, reproduction, emotions)

83
Q

Mice with female imprinted genes affect

A

The higher brain (thinking, memory)

84
Q

Human male imprinted genes

A

Increase the size of babies

85
Q

Human female imprinted genes

A

Reduce the size of babies

Biology (19 decks)

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