Biochemistry Flashcards
TEE is what
and what is included
Total energy expenditure
includes: BMR, TEF, EEPA
BMR
Basal Metabolic Rate
60-80% of TEE
Depends on age, lean body mass, gender and hormones
Who has the highest calories needs
an infant
If age goes up what happens to BMR
It will decrease
Women vs Men BMR
women have 5-10% lower BMR vs Men
men will lose weight faster due to gender and hormones
RQ is important in what disease
respiratory disease
If a patient has COPD what would you do
increase fat and decrease CHO to lower RQ
RQ CHO Protein fat Mixed
cho: 1
protein: 0.82
Fat: 0.7
Mixed 0.85
Indirect calorimetry
athletes, ill individual and burned patients
Omega 3,s
Functions:
Sources
Name
Functions: TG, Reduces inflammation
Sources: walnuts, salmon, oyster, chia seeds
Name: Alpha Linolenic Acid (omega 3) 3 words
Omega 6’s
Functions:
Def:
Sources
Name
Function: Builds fetal nervous system
Def: leads to petechiae and eczema
Sources: soybeans, corn, eggs, fish sallower, rice,
Linoleic acid( Omega 6)
Winterized Oils
Corn, soy, cottonseed oil can stand temperature and become winterized and can be stored in fridge
Clear not cloudy
Olive oil can’t be in fridge will become cloudy
Glycoysis
Breakdown glucose and makes pyruvate for TCA cycle
Where doe glycolysis happen
cytoplasm
where does TCA happen
mitochandira
In lack of absence of O2
Lactic acid is made
Secretin
Function:
Stimulates:
hormone
inhibits gastric acid secretion, gastrin
Stimulated flow of pancreatic juice and water into the duodenum
Gastric
hormone
stimulates gastric secretion and gastric motility
released in stomach, duodenum and pancreas
Where is bile produced
where is it stored
produced in the liver
stored in Gall Bladder
Types of digestion
chemical/enzymatic
mechanical/ muscular
bacterial
Conditionally essential AA
In(SISTIN)g to (GLI)de your (GLUT)es in (ARGEN)tina is (PRO)bably (TIR)ing SIR
Cysteine Glycine Glutamine Arginine Proline Tyrosine Serine
Elderly are low in
Iron and Calcium
Gelatin
is mostly pork-based and low in methionine and lysine with no tryptophan
Alcohol
is absorbed in the stomach and the small intes-ne – it is digested / broken down in the
liver
Most glucogenic AA
Alanine
For obese patients and normal patients use which formula
Mifflin St. Joer
For obese and underweight use which formula
ABW Actual body weight
If you use Omega 6 instead of CHO
“Corn instead of white rice can lower…”
LDL lowers
HDL Increases
can lower the bad cholesterol (LDL)
If you use Omega 6 instead of Saturated fat
“Cooking with safflower oil vs coconut oil can lower”
TC (total cholesterol) lowers
HDL lowers
can lower TC AND HDL
If you use Omega 3 instead of High CHO
“A handful of walnuts as a snack instead of crackers..”
TG lowers
TC stays the same
can lower TG
Ketone Bodies
1
2
3
Acetoacetic acid
Acetone
Beta- hydroxybutyric acid
What does it mean if a person has high plasma pyruvate
it means deficient is B vitamins ( most likely Thiamin)
When acidic chyme enters the duodenum
it mixes with fluids and bicarbonate to neutralize the acid
essential amino acid
TV TILL PMH
Threonine, Valine
Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Leucine ,Lysine
Phenylalanine, Methionine, Histidine
PKU what amino acid is needed
tyrosine
Anabolism
build up
require energy
ex: growth hormone, insulin, estrogen
“Anabel is an architect, requires energy to build, and she is type 1 diabetic and needs insulin.”
Catabolism
breaking down
release energy
ex: cortisol, glucagon, adrenaline
“a cat breaks things and releases energy”
When extracellular water increases in relation to Intracellular water
health problems
acute inflammation
renal disease
extracellular electrolytes
intracellular electrolytes
extra: Na Sodium, calcium, bicarbonate
Intra: K Potassium , magnesium, phosphorus
Insulin
Hormone produced by beta cells of pancreas
Decreases BG levels becomes active when BG levels are high
Stimulates glycogen by increasing glucose uptake in the liver
Stimulates the uptake of Glucose and AA into the cells (Gliosis)
promotes lipogenesis
(Inhibits Gluconeogenesis)
Glucagon
Hormone produce by alpha cells on the pancreas
Stimulates glycogen breakdown
Becomes active when BG is low
Stimulates the release of fatty acids from TG
Stimulates Gluconeogenesis
B6 is important for
Pyridoxine is needed to transamination and deamination
Nitrogen balance formula
Pro(gm/6.25- (UUN+4)
MCT’s
are ketogenic,
do not need lipase to break down and directly absorbed
MCT –> portal vein –> liver
CHO
enzyme,
produced by
site of action
- salivary amylase, 1. salivary glands 1, mouth
- pancreatic amylase 2. Pancreas 2. Small Intestine
- Maltase 3. Small Intestine 3. Small intestine
Protein
enzyme
produced by
site of action
- Pepsin 1. Gastric Glands 1. Stomach
- Trypsin 2. Pancreas 2. Small intestine
- Peptidases 3. Small intestine 3. Small intestine
Fat
Enzyme
Produced by
Site of action
lipids (Lipase), Pancreas, Small Intestine
Essential AA during illness
Glutamine, Arginine
respiratory acidosis
What caused it
solution
respiratory= lungs acidosis= ph acidic
Caused by lungs retaining acid
solution: kidney increase absorption of base(Bicarbonate)
Metabolic Acidosis
what caused it
solution
Metabolic= kidneys Acidosis= acidic
caused when the body produced to much acid and kidneys can’t remove
solution: increase respiration, hyperventilate.
Metabolic Alkalosis
what caused it
solution
metabolic= kidneys
Alkalosis=
caused by: retention of base, vomiting, dehydration, loss of stomach acid or diuretic use
Solution: Decrease air, Hypoventilation.
Respiratory Alkalosis
what caused it
Solution
respiratory= lungs
alkalosis- base
caused: low blood levels of CO2 during hyperventilation
Solution: kidneys increase exertion of base
