Biochem 22 HY Flashcards
principle route of metabolism for glucose(and fructose galactose carbs) with or without oxygen
glycolysis
where do reactions of glycolysis take place
in cytoplasa
in the blood what can you measure to distinguish between respiratory and metabolic acidosis
PCO2 and bicarbonate
overall glycolysis rxn
Glucose+2Pi+2ADP+2NAD–>2pyruvate+2ATP+2NADH+2H+2H2O
how is glucose transported into cells
GLUT transporters stim by insulin or other hormones
In the first reaction of glycolysis D-Glucose–> Glucose-6- P. what enzyme is used in the reaction in all tissues? additional one in the liver? What donates the phosphate? what regulates the enzyme
hexokinase; glucokinase; uses ATP; hexokinase activity is inhibited by levels of G6P
when glucose enters the cell why does it need to be phosphorylated
once it is phosphorylated it is trapped in the cell
the liver contains both hexokinase and glucokinase to allow glucose entry. what is the significance of glucokinase
not inhibited by inc G6P-so that glucose can go to the liver to be stored as glycogen
Glucose-6-P gets converted to fructose6P. After this fructose is converted into what product? what is the enzyme used?
Fructose 1,6 bisP; phosphofructokinase-1 uses ATP!
-kinase enzymes in general function
use terminal phosphate of P and transfers it to another molecule
phosphofructokinase-2 is an isoenzyme of PFK-1 and is used to transform fructose-6P into
fructose, 2,6 bisP
2 things phosphofructokinase-1 enzyme activity increased by and 2 things activity is decreased by
high AMP, high fructose2,6,bisP(not a glycolytic intermediate!!!) inc PFK1; high ATP, citrate–>dec PFK1
in the heart unde rischemic conditions AMP levels rise activating protein kinase B which phsophorylates PFK-2 this results in what
inc levels of fructose 2,6bisP–>inc PFK-1 activity along with inc AMP–>stimulate glycolysis!!
fructose 1,6 bis P is cleaved by aldolase to form?
glyceraldehyde 3P and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
dihydroxyacetone phosphate is isomrized to form
glyceraldehyde 3P
the now 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde3P forms 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate in the presence of a low yield enzyme. this step is the only___ step in glycolysis. what is released during this step and what is added to glyceraldehyde3P
oxidation step! takes removes high energy electrons puts them on NAD–>NADH!!! phosphate is added to the Glyc3p molecule
1,3bisphosphoglycerate has a high energy P and forms 3 phsophoglycerate. what is generated in this reaction and what type of reaction is this an example of
ATP! substrate level phosphorylation(substrate is used to phosphorylate ATP)
3-phosphoglycerate–>2-phosphoglycerate–>Phosphoenolpyruvate what is special about PEP?
has another HIGH energy phosphate used to generate ATP via substrate level phosphorylation
Phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of what enzyme generates pyruvate? what is released
pyruvate kinase and ATP is released in this rxn
2 substrates used in substrate level phosphorylation to generate ATP
phosphoenolpyruvate and 1,3,bisphosphoglycerate
enzyme pyruvate kinase that is used in rxn PEP–>Pyruvate is inhibitied by what? stimulated by what?
ATP; fructose 1,6, bisP
net delta G of glycolysis rxn?
negative