Bio107-ch6&7pt1 Flashcards
Axial skeleton (4 structures)
“axis” of body
skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum
Appendicular skeleton (3 kinds)
appendages
- Limb girdles
- Long bones
- Manus & Pes
Limb girdles (3 kinds)
connect long bones to axial
- Scapula & Clavicle
- Pelvis
Long bones (2 kinds)
- Upper- humerus, ulna, radius
2. Lower- femur, tibia, fibula
Manus
hand
Pes
foot
Classification of bones by shapes (4)
- Long bone- humerus
- Irregular bone- vertebra
- Flat bone- sternum
- Short bone- talus
Projection sites of MUSCLE & LIGAMENT attachment:
Tuberosity
large rounded projection
may be roughened
Trochantar
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (femur)
Line
narrow ridge of bone
less prominent than crest
Tubercle
small rounded projection or process
Epicondyle
raised area on or above condyle
Projections that help to form JOINTS:
Head
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Condyle
rounded articular PROJECTION
Foramen
round or oval OPENing through a bone
Meatus
canal-like passageway
Fosa
shallow, basin-like DEPRESSION in bone
Functions of the Skeleton (5)
- Support for soft tissues
- Muscle attachment
- Protection from mechanical injury
- Calcium storage
- Hemopoiesis in red bone marrow (blood cell formation)
How to bones form? (2)
- Endochondral Bone Formation
2. Intramembranous Bone Formation
Endochondral Bone Formation
HYALINE cartilage is gradually replaced by BONE tissue
Intramembranous Bone Formation
BONE is deposited directly into sheets of dense fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE
NO CARTILAGE INVOLVED
BOTH forms of bone formation form (2)
compact & spongy bone
IntramemBF (3 kinds)
- Dermal bone formation
- Sesamoid bone formation
- Appositional bone formation
IMBF- Appositional Bone Formation
within REGULAR dense connective tissue of PERIOSTEUM
long bones grow in WIDTH
Hyaline cartilage is removed by
chrondroCLASTS
Bone is deposited by
osteoBLASTS
Bone is removed by
osteoCLASTS
Rickets
soft decalcified bones in children
caused by a lack of Ca and VitD
Adult form of Rickets
osteomalacia
Bone & Calcium Metabolism process
- Ca in food enters digestive tract
- Ca is absorbed into bloodstream with assistance of VitD
Ca (in gut) —VitD3—> Ca (in blood)
Vitamin D3 in kidney formula
1,25-dihyroxyvitamin D —Sunlight—> Vitamin D3
When no new Ca is added to the body, osteoclasts ____ Ca from the bones until they become _____.
remove
decalcified
Calcium metabolism is regulated by 2 hormones
- Calcitonin
2. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
secreted by thyroid gland
stimulates osteoBLASTS to deposit Ca in bones
PTH
secreted by parathyroid gland
stimulates osteoCLASTS to remove Ca from bones
Types of bone fractures (6)
- Transverse
- Oblique
- Spiral
- Angulated
- Displaced
- Angulated & displaced
Steps in healing a broken bone (4)
- A hematoma forms
- Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
- Bony callus forms
- Bone remodeling occurs
Fractures that affect the epiphyseal plate cartilage (growth plate) are
considered more serious than adult breaks
Osteoporosis
disease of bone when Ca is removed quicker than it is depositied
Osteoclasts are more active than osteoblasts
Lamellae (in bone)
Ring within a ring
Lacunae
Houses lamellae and bone cells
Canaliculus
Canals from one lamellae to another
Epiphysis
ENDS of bones
Spongy bone-red bone marrow (hemopoiesis)
Diaphysis
Shaft of a bone
Compact bone, sold with hollow cavity down the middle
Yellow bone marrow (fat)
Epiphyseal line
Birth - puberty: called epiphyseal PLATE, stays cartilage, GROWTH PLATE
After puberty: called epiphyseal LINE, stays as compact bone, no more growth
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Chondro-
Cartilage
How many bones are in the skeleton?
206
Trabeculae
Soft bone
Endochondral bone formation process
Page 3 of pt 1 notes
Weight bearing activity activates
Osteoblasts