Bio107-ch14 Flashcards
five components of REFLEX ARCS
- Receptor
- Sensory neuron
- Integration center
- Motor neuron
- Effector
Receptor
site of stimulus
Sensory neuron
transmits AFFERENT impulses to the CNS
located in PNS
Integration center
only in the CNS
Motor neuron
conducts EFFERENT impulses from the integration system to an effector
goes from CNS to PNS
Effector
muscle, gland, organ
responds to efferent impulses
only in PNS
Afferent always has the ______
ganglion
Afferent travels
- ENTER: dorsal root
- dorsal root ganglion
- posterior horn
- LEAVES: anterior horn
Efferent enters in the
ventral root
of pairs of spinal nerves
31
Plexus
where multiple spinal nerves integrate together
neck/shoulder, butt regions
Sacral plexus
siatic nerve, low back
Autonomin Pre and Postganglionic neuro transmitters and effectors
:)
Autonomic Pre and Postganglionic neuro transmitters and effectors
:)
Somatic nervous system: (2)
- Pre and Postganglionic: ACh
2. Effector: skeletal muscle
Sympathetic nervous system: (2)
- Pre: ACh, Post: NE
2. Effector: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle
Parasympathetic nervous system: (2)
- Pre and Pst: ACh
2. Effector: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle
Eye: pupil
Sympathetic stimulation: dilated
Parasym: constricted
Sweat glands
Sym: sweating
Parasym: none
Heart: muscle
Sym: increased rate
Parasym: slowed rate
Lungs: bronchi
Sym: dilated
Parasym: constricted
Gut: lumen
Sym: decreased peristalsis and tone
Parasym: increased peristalsis and tone
Blood vessels: skin
Sym: constricted
Parasym: dilated
Piloerector muscles
Sym: excited
Parasym: none
Skeletal muscle
Sym: increased glycogenolysis and strength
Parasym: none
Regions of human brain (4)
- Cerebrum
- Diencephalon
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
Cerebrum
top outer wormy part
Diencephalon (3 parts)
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- corpeous collosum
Brainstem (3 parts)
- midbraind
- pons
- medula oblongotta
Directions describing the brain
dorsal and ventral
Longitudinal fissure
separates the brain down the middle (top view)
Fissure
deep sulcus (indentation)
Sulcus
indentation
Gyrus
worm like matter
Cortex (gray matter)
outside for brain
White matter
inside for brain
Gray matter
- location of motor neurons (efferent)
- unmyelinated
- forms the CORTEX that covers the surface
- forms cerebral nuclei
Gray matter (4)
- location of motor neurons (efferent)
- unmyelinated
- forms the CORTEX that covers the surface
- forms cerebral nuclei
White matter (2)
- myelinated
2. deep
Myelinated (2)
- quicker
2. has sheath (intact)
Unmyelinated (3)
- slow
- no myelin sheath/protection
- no nodes of ranavier
Cranial meninges (3)
- separate soft tissue from bones of cranium
- contain cerebrospinal fluid
- 3 main layers
Cranial meninge layers (3)
- dura matter- thickest, outer
- arachnoid
- pia mater- thin, around brain and spinal cord
Subarachnoid space contains
cerebrospinal fluid
Periosteum does what
protects bone (skull)
Ventricles of the brain (3)
- 2 lateral- cerebrum
- third ventricle- diencephalon
- fourth ventricle- goes down brainstem
Ventricle
hollow cavities within the brain
continuous with one another
All ventricles contain
cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (3)
- produced by epindymal cells
- formed in choroid plexus of ventricles
- clear, colorless liquid
Functions of CSF (3)
- buoyancy- brain floats in it
- protection- liquid cushion
- environmental stability- transports nutrients, removes waste
With out CSF….
the brain sits directly onto 12 cranial nerves (neck), BAD headache, puking, pain, unable to move
Blood-brain barrier
strictly regulates what substances are allowed to enter the interstitial fluids of the brain
Functional areas of cerebrum (3)
- Motor areas- skeletal muscle (voluntary)
- Sensory area- awareness to sensation
- Association areas- working memory
Frontal lobe functions
working memory, Broca’s area, complex problem solving
Broca’s area
putting words together in speech
Wernicke’s area
comprehending speech
Occipital area
vision
Diencephalon
emotions, thirst, sex drive
Cerebral white matter contains
myelinated fibers and their tracts
Concussion
- alteration of brain function
- short term
- ex- blow to the head
- the more it occurs, the worse they get
Subdural/arachnoid hemorrhage
- bleeding into a cavity
2. increases pressure and compresses the brain
Cerebral edema
- swelling of the brain
2. can be fatal
Genetic: CVA
- cerebral vascular attack
- stroke
- starts in neck, affects one side of the body
TIA
- transient ischemic attack
- mini stroke
- goes away, person affected is NORMAL in a few minutes
- small blood clot that fixes itself
- these people put on blood thinners to prevent a full on stroke
Alzheimers
- plaque builds up in brain
- memory loss
- medications can help slow it down, but not cure
PD
- parkinson’s dx
- degeneration of dopamine
- dopamine controls muscles
- tremors occur, lost function of body parts
- eventually, lost control of lung muscles and you suffocate and die