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E: BIO 107 > Bio107-ch11,12,13lab15 > Flashcards

Bio107-ch11,12,13lab15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Irritability

A

ability to perceive stimuli

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2
Q

Excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli

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3
Q

Primary functions of nervous system (3)

A
  1. transmit info from one part of the body to another
  2. coordinate activities within the body
  3. produce hormones and neurotransmitters
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4
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters

A

ACh, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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5
Q

Transmit sensory receptors to the

A

CNS

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Transmit from CNS and send it to

A

muscles, glands, organs

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7
Q

Central nervous system containts

A

brain and spinal cord

like axial skeleton

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8
Q

Peripheral nervous system contains

A

cranial and spinal nerves

branches out to limbs

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9
Q

2 types of PNS

A
  1. Somatic ns

2. Autonomic ns

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10
Q

Somatic nervous system (2)

A

skeleton, skeletal muscles, most of skin

VOLUNTARY

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11
Q

Autonomic nervous system (2)

A

smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, part of skin

INVOLUNTARY

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12
Q

2 divisions of autonimic ns

A
  1. Sympathetic division: fight or flight

2. Parasympathetic division: body returns to homeostasis

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13
Q

All senses get heightened using the sympathetic division except

A

the GI tract shuts down

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14
Q

Neurons (4)

A
  1. 20-25% of total nerve cells
  2. respond to stimuli
  3. conduct action potentials
  4. release chemical regulators
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15
Q

Sensory neurons

A

afferent

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16
Q

Motor neurons

A

efferent

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17
Q

Glial cells (3)

A
  1. 75-80% of nerve cells
  2. structural support for neurons
  3. do NOT produce action potentials
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18
Q

Types of glial cells:

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheath in PNS

myelin insulates the axon

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

produce myelin sheath in CNS

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20
Q

Astrocytes

A

anchor neurons to their nutrient supplies

MOST COMMON TYPE

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21
Q

Microglia

A

monitors health of neurons

gobbles up waste in neuron

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22
Q

Ependymal cells

A

CNS ONLY

on ventricles of the brain

produce cerebrospinal fluid

23
Q

Neuron structure:

Cell body/soma

A

cont. organelles

24
Q

Dendrites

A

receive info

25
Q

Axon

A

conducts action potential

26
Q

Axon hillock

A

responsible for the initiation of the action potential

27
Q

Neurilemma (myelin sheath)

A

insulates the axon

PNS

28
Q

Axon terminal

A

secretes neurtransmitters

29
Q

Multipolar neurons (2)

A
  1. Most common

2. Found: CNS to skeletal muscle

30
Q

Bipolar neurons (2)

A
  1. Least common

2. Found: retina of eye

31
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Found: visual and auditory senses

32
Q

Depolarization

A

cell becoming more POS

33
Q

Repolarization

A

cell becoming more NEG

34
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

cell becoming SUPER NEG

35
Q

Effector

A

muscle, organ, or gland

36
Q

2 types of potentials

A
  1. Graded potential

2. Action potential

37
Q

Graded potential (3)

A
  1. steps 1-2 on drawing
  2. short-lived
  3. decrease in intensity with distance
38
Q

Action potential (3)

A
  1. steps 2-6 on drawing
  2. does NOT decrease in strength over distance
  3. “All or none” law (with threshold)
39
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

the gaps along the myelin sheath

40
Q

Non-myelinated takes _____ to conduct velocity

A

longer (because of the gaps)

41
Q

Synapses

A

a GAP that mediates TRANSFER from one neuron to

  1. another neuron
  2. an effector cell
42
Q

2 classifications of synapses

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron

2. Postynaptic neuron

43
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

the neuron BEFORE the synapse

sends impulse

44
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

the neuron AFTER the synapse

received impulse, sends new message

45
Q

Types of synapses (5)

A
  1. Axodendritic: axon-dendrite
  2. Axosomatic: axon-soma
  3. Axoaxonic: axon-axon
  4. Dendrodendritic: dendrite-dendrite
  5. Dendrosomatic: dendrites-soma
46
Q

Removal of neurotransmitters occur when they (3)

A
  1. Are degraded by enzymes
  2. reabsorbed by astrocytes or presynaptic terminals
  3. diffuse from the synaptic cleft *
47
Q

2 types of POSTsynaptic potentials

A
  1. EPSP
  2. IPSP

(before the threshold)

48
Q

EPSP - excitatory postsynaptic potentials

A

determines if action potential will reach threshold

CAN generate action potential

49
Q

IPSP - inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

NEVER get an action potential from IPSP

basically hyperpolarization

50
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters (4)

A
  1. ACh- excites muscles, nerves
  2. Norepinephrine- fight/flight hormones
  3. Epinephrine- fight/flight ^
  4. Dopamine- pain relief
51
Q

Excitatory AND Inhibitory neurotransmitters (2)

A
  1. Histamine- triggers inflammation

2. P-substances- pain relief

52
Q

Spatial summation (2)

A
  1. postsynaptic potential

2. almost will NEVER induce an action potential in a neron

53
Q

Temporal summation (2)

A
  1. postsynaptic potential

2. RAPID FIRE

E: BIO 107 (17 decks)

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