Bio final exam Kaplan slides 1 (LO 1) Flashcards
Cell membrane functions
-Selectively permeable barrier
-Communication w/ cells and environment
-Binding to adjacent cells/surfaces
Cytoplasm
-Cytosol
-Insoluble filaments and particles
Cell walls
-Provide support
-Peptidoglycan: bacteria only
-Some have additional membrane outside of peptidoglycan/other
Structure in some prokaryotes
-Capsule
-Flagella
-Pili
-Fimbriae
-Cytoskeleton
-Internal membranes
Structures in Eukaryotic cells
-Nucleus
-Endoplasmic reticulum (R + S)
-Golgi apparatus
-Mitochondria
Structures in all cells
-Type of membrane
-Cytoplasm
-DNA
-Ribosomes
Plant vs animal cells
-Plants: cell walls (cellulose), Chloroplasts, Vacuoles, rarely lysosomes, plasmodesmata,
-Animals: Membrane, small vacuoles (if any), Centrioles, lysosomes, cilia/flagella
Capsule
-Protection from immune system
-Attachment
-Prevents drying out
Flagella
-Movement
-Activates signaling pathways in animal cells
Pili
-Movement
-attachment
-Exchange genetic info
Fimbrae
-Attachment
Cytoskeleton
-Cell division
-Shape
Internal membranes
-Photosynthesis
-Contains gas/other particles
Ribosomes
-Site of protein synthesis
-Made of rRNA and proteins
Nucleus
-Cell DNA found
-Nucleolus: Where ribosomes are made
Endoplasmic reticulum
-ER membrane attached to nuclear envelope
-Hollow portion: Lumen/cisternal space
-Moves materials around
-Surrounds nucleus
Rough ER
-Ribosomes make proteins
-Can make modifications to proteins
-Some stay in ER
-Some transported or secreted
-Helps make phospholipids
Smooth ER
-Synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, steroid hormones
-Detoxification of molecules
-Storage of calcium
-Breaking down glycogen (animals)
Golgi apparatus
-Sorts, packages, and tags lipids and proteins for transport
-Cis: receiving
-Trans: Departure
-Medial: middle
Endomembrane system
-Membranes of nucleus, ER, Golgi, attached by vesicles
Lysosomes
-Vesicle
-Mostly in animal cells
-Has digestive enzymes
-Break down large biomolecules/organelles
Phagosomes
-Formed after phagocytosis (eating dead parts)
-Food/Bacteria/Dead cells make this (just holds it)
-Fuse with lysosomes for digestion
-Some bacteria escape
Mitochondria
-Breaks down stored energy to ATP
-Has ribosomes and DNA
-Divide independently
-Outer membrane has pores
-Inner membrane is folded (cristae)
Plastids
-Plants and algae
-Divide independently
-Can change into other organelles
