BIO (biological molecules) Flashcards
simplest form of substance and made up of one atom (ex. C,H,O, N)
elements
made up of two or more
elements that are chemically combined
together. (Ex. H20)
compounds
is small building-block molecule
monomer
is an electrically neutral
group of two or more
atoms held together by
chemical bonds
molecule
- Compounds made up of hydrocarbons
(Carbon and Hydrogen atoms) - Living/once living
organic molecule
- large molecules composed of
thousands of covalently
connected atoms - Are polymers built from
monomers
macromolecules
is a long molecule consisting of many similar
building blocks
polymer
- made up of mostly C, H, O, and N (some sulfur)
- Aside from the __ found in animal
sources…protein can also be found in
fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. - are the molecular tools for the most cellular functions
- General properties
- account for more than 50% of the
dry mass of most cells and they are
instrumental in every organism’s
activities - Crucial to most tasks required for
the cell to exist. - They function as catalyst
proteins
- The process of linking monomers together
is called ….. - The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
polymerization
A protein in red blood cells that
carries oxygen
hemoglobin
- Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas
- Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up
glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles
insulin
- are part of the immune system.
- When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to
be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader
and stick themselves onto it. - White Blood cells destroy the invader
antibodies
- PEPTIDES
- Chains of amino acids attached by peptide
bonds - May be named by number of amino acids:
dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide,
pentapeptide, etc.; Polypeptide - A POLYPEPTIDE chain with a specific
biological function - Most ___ have from about 50 up
to several hundred amino acids in
their structure
proteins
- Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by
lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below) - Re-usable
- Molecule specific – like a lock and key
enzymes
linear sequence of AA
primary structure (polypeptide chain)
interactions between adjacent amino acids
secondary structure
- General properties
- Composed of chains of amino acids
- There are 20 different amino acids, each with
distinctive chemical properties - A ____ molecule may contain several
hundred amino acids - Each different ____ has its own order, or
“sequence,” of amino acids - The correct sequence of amino acids is
essential for the ____ function
proteins
3d folding of the polypeptide
tertiary
arrangements of multiple polypeptides
quaternary
- Include sugars and the polymers of sugars
- 2 divisions: SIMPLE and COMPLEX
- 3 classifications: MONO, DI and POLYsaccharides
- macromolecules are polysaccharides,
polymers composed of many sugar building blocks
carbohydrates
- Simplest carbohydrates / Single sugars
- have molecular formulas that are usually
multiples of CH2O - Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common
monosaccharide
monosaccharides
a storage
polysaccharide of
plants, consists entirely
of glucose monomers
starch
- A is formed when a dehydration
reaction joins two monosaccharides - This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage
disaccharide
- the polymers of sugars,
have storage and structural roles - The structure and function of a
polysaccharide are determined by its
sugar monomers and the positions of
glycosidic linkages
polysaccharides
is a storage
polysaccharide in
animals
glycogen
- the only class that dies not form polymers
- lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
- the most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids
lipids
They do not dissolve readily in water
because of their hydrocarbon component.
lipids
- Commonly known as body fat. It is
found all over the body. It can be
found under the skin, packed around
internal organs, between muscles,
within bone marrow and in breast
tissue.
adipose
Building block molecule of
nucleic acid; made of (1) a five-carbon
sugar covalently bonded to a (2)
phosphate group and (3) a nitrogenous
base.
nucleotide
- play vital role
in the storage and release of energy
throughout the human body. - Plays an important role in the
regulation of glucose, cholesterol,
and the metabolism of sex hormones.
adipocytes (fat cells)
- store and transmit hereditary
information - protein conformation is determined by
primary structure. Primary structure, in
turn, is determined by genes ¾
hereditary units that consist of DNA, a
type of nucleic acid.
nucleic acids
Polymer of nucleotides
linked together by condensation
reactions.
nucleic acid
