BIO (biological molecules)

Question 1

simplest form of substance and made up of one atom (ex. C,H,O, N)

Answer 1

elements

Question 2

made up of two or more
elements that are chemically combined
together. (Ex. H20)

Answer 2

compounds

Question 2

is small building-block molecule

Answer 2

monomer

Question 2

is an electrically neutral
group of two or more
atoms held together by
chemical bonds

Answer 2

molecule

Question 3

• Compounds made up of hydrocarbons
  (Carbon and Hydrogen atoms)
• Living/once living

Answer 3

organic molecule

Question 4

• large molecules composed of
  thousands of covalently
  connected atoms
• Are polymers built from
  monomers

Answer 4

macromolecules

Question 5

is a long molecule consisting of many similar
building blocks

Answer 5

polymer

Question 5

• made up of mostly C, H, O, and N (some sulfur)
• Aside from the __ found in animal
  sources…protein can also be found in
  fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts.
• are the molecular tools for the most cellular functions
• General properties
• account for more than 50% of the
  dry mass of most cells and they are
  instrumental in every organism’s
  activities
• Crucial to most tasks required for
  the cell to exist.
• They function as catalyst

Answer 5

proteins

Question 5

• The process of linking monomers together
  is called …..
• The synthesis and breakdown of polymers

Answer 5

polymerization

Question 5

A protein in red blood cells that
carries oxygen

Answer 5

hemoglobin

Question 6

• Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas
• Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take up
  glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles

Answer 6

insulin

Question 6

• are part of the immune system.
• When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to
  be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader
  and stick themselves onto it.
• White Blood cells destroy the invader

Answer 6

antibodies

Question 6

• PEPTIDES
• Chains of amino acids attached by peptide
  bonds
• May be named by number of amino acids:
  dipeptide, tripeptide, tetrapeptide,
  pentapeptide, etc.; Polypeptide
• A POLYPEPTIDE chain with a specific
  biological function
• Most ___ have from about 50 up
  to several hundred amino acids in
  their structure

Answer 6

proteins

Question 7

• Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by
  lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below)
• Re-usable
• Molecule specific – like a lock and key

Answer 7

enzymes

Question 7

linear sequence of AA

Answer 7

primary structure (polypeptide chain)

Question 8

interactions between adjacent amino acids

Answer 8

secondary structure

Question 8

• General properties
• Composed of chains of amino acids
• There are 20 different amino acids, each with
  distinctive chemical properties
• A ____ molecule may contain several
  hundred amino acids
• Each different ____ has its own order, or
  “sequence,” of amino acids
• The correct sequence of amino acids is
  essential for the ____ function

Answer 8

proteins

Question 9

3d folding of the polypeptide

Answer 9

tertiary

Question 9

arrangements of multiple polypeptides

Answer 9

quaternary

Question 10

• Include sugars and the polymers of sugars
• 2 divisions: SIMPLE and COMPLEX
• 3 classifications: MONO, DI and POLYsaccharides
• macromolecules are polysaccharides,
  polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

Answer 10

carbohydrates

Question 11

• Simplest carbohydrates / Single sugars
• have molecular formulas that are usually
  multiples of CH2O
• Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common
  monosaccharide

Answer 11

monosaccharides

Question 11

a storage
polysaccharide of
plants, consists entirely
of glucose monomers

Answer 11

starch

Question 12

• A is formed when a dehydration
  reaction joins two monosaccharides
• This covalent bond is called a glycosidic linkage

Answer 12

disaccharide

Question 12

• the polymers of sugars,
  have storage and structural roles
• The structure and function of a
  polysaccharide are determined by its
  sugar monomers and the positions of
  glycosidic linkages

Answer 12

polysaccharides

Question 13

is a storage
polysaccharide in
animals

Answer 13

glycogen

Question 14

• the only class that dies not form polymers
• lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds
• the most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Answer 14

lipids

Question 14

They do not dissolve readily in water
because of their hydrocarbon component.

Answer 14

lipids

Question 15

• Commonly known as body fat. It is
  found all over the body. It can be
  found under the skin, packed around
  internal organs, between muscles,
  within bone marrow and in breast
  tissue.

Answer 15

adipose

Question 15

Building block molecule of
nucleic acid; made of (1) a five-carbon
sugar covalently bonded to a (2)
phosphate group and (3) a nitrogenous
base.

Answer 15

nucleotide

Question 16

• play vital role
  in the storage and release of energy
  throughout the human body.
• Plays an important role in the
  regulation of glucose, cholesterol,
  and the metabolism of sex hormones.

Answer 16

adipocytes (fat cells)

Question 16

• store and transmit hereditary
  information
• protein conformation is determined by
  primary structure. Primary structure, in
  turn, is determined by genes ¾
  hereditary units that consist of DNA, a
  type of nucleic acid.

Answer 16

nucleic acids

Question 17

Polymer of nucleotides
linked together by condensation
reactions.

Answer 17

nucleic acid