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Bio 123: PP8 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 derived traits in land plants?

A

1) alterations of generations
2) gametophytes
3) spores produced in sporangia
4) apical meristems
5) cuticle

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2
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells that have their full set of chromosomes (have 2 sets).

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3
Q

How many body forms do plants take on?

A

Two different forms

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4
Q

Sporophyte stage

A

-(2n)
-the stage of the plant in which we typically see them
- are capable of undergoing meiosis at this stage
-multicellular diploid individual

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5
Q

What happens during meiosis of the sporangia?

A

During this stage, undifferentiated haploid spores are created.

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6
Q

Undifferentiated

A

Spores that are neither make or female

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7
Q

Haploid

A

Having 1 set of chromosomes

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8
Q

Name of a female gametophyte

A

Archegonium which holds the eggs

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9
Q

Name of the male gametophyte

A

Antheridium which holds the sperm

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10
Q

What is a zygote?

A

The first cell that is created after fertilization. It becomes a diploid at this point and has its full set of chromosomes.

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11
Q

What occurs with the zygotes formed from the male and female gametophytes?

A

The zygote undergoes rapid mitosis, making copies of itself, and leads to the development of the sporophyte.

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12
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

A waxy covering on the leaf that protects against insects, damage, and water loss.

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13
Q

Explain the alteration of generations in plants

A

-the diploid sporophyte produced haploid spores through meiosis
-Meiosis occurs in the sporangia and undifferentiated haploid cells are created.
-The haploid gametophyte produces male and female gametes through mitosis
-An egg and sperm gametes meet to create a fertilized diploid zygote.
-Zygote grows into a diploid sporophyte by mitosis and produces sporangia and the cycle is repeated.

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14
Q

When do land plants undergo mitosis?

A

After fertilization (diploid stage), after meiosis occurs in the sporophyte stage, after the gametophyte stage releases male/female cells.

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15
Q

What is a gametophyte?

A

-Haploid body form of a plant (n)
-Goal is to produce differentiated haploid gametes
-Gamete-producing generations which alternates with the diploid (2n) sporophyte.

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16
Q

What is a sporophyte?

A

The spore producing, diploid (2n) phase.

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17
Q

What is a sporangia?

A

The sporangia is a protected structure in which spores are produced.

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18
Q

What are apical meristems?

A

Regions of the plant body where cells undergo rapid mitotic division in order to allow the plant to grow. Seen in the tips of roots and the tips of stems

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19
Q

Where are apical meristems typically found?

A

At the tip of the plant because the plant grows upwards toward the sun and is competing for sun.

At the roots/base where plants can get the water and nutrients it needs.

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20
Q

What are nonvascular plants?

A

Plants that are lacking in vascular tissue and are completely reliant on aquatic vegetation in order to live. (bryophyta- liverworts, mosses, hornworts).

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21
Q

Where are Bryophyta typically found?

A

We will only see Bryophyta in aquatic environments

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22
Q

What is a unique characteristic of mosses?

A

They are the most ancient extant species on the planet

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23
Q

Seedless vascular plants

A

Do not have seeds and rely on water for reproduction. They have other tissue such as roots, leafs, true stems, etc. that allows them to be bigger than Bryophytes

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24
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Plants that have their seeds contained in cones

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25
Angiosperms
Most successful group of plants on the planet today. -Are capable of producing reproductive bodies that are known as flowers.
26
What are some characteristics of Bryophytes?
-Include 24,00 species of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts -Are all nonvascular (lack vascular tissue) and do not grow taller than 8 inches - Have rhizoids -Live in moist habitats -They are the earliest plants
27
What are rhizoids?
elongated cells or threadlike structures that absorb water and dissolved mineral ion. Typically live in aquatic environments
28
What are some characteristics of Mosses?
-Mosses can help regulate air pollution -can help regulate climate change -Mosses live to grow in acidic soil/acidic environments -Acidic metabolic products hamper growth of bacterial and fungal decomposers which helps with the preservations of bodies and specimens -There has been fossils found in environments with bryophytes
29
What is an indicator species? What is an example?
Any set of species that are sensitive to environmental change/disruption. Different amounts of lichens present can tell us how much sulfur dioxide is in the air.
30
What are peat bogs?
Moist organic remains of peat moss form peat bogs which helps store huge amounts of carbon. Damaged bogs dry out and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which accelerates climate change.
31
What is an example of a Moss?
Sphagnum also known as pete moss or petelands
32
What are some characteristics of Petelands?
-They have antiseptic properties, if you cut yourself you can put moss over a cut -Can be turned into a fuel source, -It is an important carbon reservoirs which helps regulate climate change
33
What are some characteristics of hornworts?
-accounts for 215 species worldwide -Oxygen is lost faster (we see 5x more loss of oxygen) than places where moss is present. -most are extinct
34
What are some characteristics of liverwarts?
-Accounts for 5-6 thousand species worldwide. -Most are extinct
35
What is the first group of the kingdom plantae?
The Bryophyta- which are non vascular plants
36
What subgroups fall under Bryophyta?
Liverworts Mosses Hornwarts
37
What is the second group in the kingdom plantae?
Seedless vascular plants - which its reproduction must be aided by water since there is no seed present
38
What are the subgroups of seedless vascular plants?
-Lycophytes -Pterophytes
39
What are some pterophytes?
They are seedless vascular plants such as ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
40
What are some examples of lycophytes?
They are seedless vascular plants such as club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.
41
What are the vascular tissue found in seedless vascular plants?
Xylem and Phloem- vascular tissue can help plants grow really tall such as the 300 feet redwood trees.
42
Xylem
-Is found within the plants -Cells are dead at maturity and only cell walls are left. -Tracheids and vessel elements transport water and mineral ions throughout the plant Its main purpose is to distribute water throughout the plant and mineral ions. The mineral compound distributed by the xylem is H20
43
Phloem
Distributes nutrients and photosynthetic products such as sugars, amino acids, and other organic products) to the plant
44
What are vessel elements?
effective ways a plant transports water cells.
45
What are some body parts of a vascular plant?
Roots Stems Leaves
46
What is the role of roots in vascular plants?
-They absorb water and dissolved mineral ions -Help anchor the plants -Have an important association with fungi called mycorrhizal fungi (mutalism) which lives in soil and helps root access the nutrients it needs.
47
Mycorrhizal Fungi
-Create a network within trees, can co-exist with other plants -mycorrhizal fungi (mutalism) which lives in soil and helps root extend underground to reach nutrients.
48
Explan the associations between roots and fungi
This is known as mycorrhizal fungi which lives in the soil and helps roots extend to underground areas to help obtain nutrients that the plant needs. The plant will also make more nutrients that it needs and send it to the mycorrhizal.
49
What is the role of stems in vascular plants?
-Gives the plants structure and support -Transports materials to leaves (aka water) -Compete for light which causes them to grow upward and towards the sun
50
What is the role of leaves in vascular plants?
-They capture energy from the sun and carbon dioxide from the air -Photosynthesis
51
Why do deciduous trees lose their leaves in the winter?
Because the leaves are the photosynthetic organ of the plan and require sunlight to photosynthesize. In the winter, there is less daylight known as the photoperiod. Therefore the leaves end up dying off.
52
What is the anatomy of a leaf?
-The cuticle -upper epidermis -Palisade mesophyll cell -Bundle sheath cell -Xylen -Phloem -Lower epidermis -Spongy Mesophyll Cells - Guard Cells - Stoma -Cuticle
53
Upper epidermis
54
Palisade mesophyll cell
Group of cells are closely clustered together because it will help maximize photosynthesis.
55
Why is chloroplast important?
It is important for the photosynthetic process and it gives plants its color.
56
What is needed for photosynthesis to happen?
Carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water.
57
Where does gas exchange occur in a leaf?
On the underside of the leaf (stoma)
58
Stoma (Plural:stomata)
Located on the underside of the leaf, its purpose if to exchange gases. Stomata cannot be open all the time because this would cause all its moisture to leave and dry out the leaf.
59
Guard Cells
Regulate the opening and closing of the stomata
60
How do guard cells work?
-Depending on whether the the guard cells are turgid or flaccid. If they are turgid, the guard cells are open and if they are flaccid (relaxed) the guard cells are closed.
61
Lower epidermis
The only part of the lead that holds stomata.
62
What groups of seedless vascular plants are there?
Lycophytes and pterophyta
63
What are the characteristics of Seedless vascular plants?
-Has the presence of all vascular tissue -Much taller than bryophytes -Require moist habitats or water for the sexual phase of their cycle -Have xylem and phloem -Have adaptations to dry habitats -Diversity of these forms peaked during the Carboniferous (300 mya)
64
What are some characteristics of Lycophytes?
-were once tree sized and are now much smaller -1,200 species -Range from the tropics to the tundra -have tiny modified leaves -when in dryer environments, they have smaller leaves and have a small surface area
65
What are some characteristics of horsetails (pyterophyta)
-Grow near many streams, railroad tracks, roads, and vacant lots (only in human disturbed environments) -Have hollow stems and scale-like leaves -Stems have horizontal ribs reinforced with silica -Only about 30 species exist.
66
What does the silica do in horsetails?
It gives the stems more thickness which gives the plant stability and protection.
67
What are some characteristics of Ferns?
-Around 12,000 species -Largest and most diverse group of seedless vascular plants -Have a greater reliance of water -Most are native to the tropics -Some species can grow up to 82 feet tall -Some are epiphytes -Have fronds -Have spore forming chambers on lower surface of the fronds
68
What are epiphytes?
Aerial plant species that grown attached to tree trunks or branches and are commensalism.
69
Commensalism
An ecological relationship in which one species benefits and the other had no change in fitness.
70
Fronds
Leaves of ferns -Sporangia can be found on the lower surface of fronds.
71
Rhizome
Stem of a fern plant
72
Seed Bearing Plants
-Most prominent land plants today -Have seeds -Are heterospory-meaning they form two types of spores (Microspore and Megaspores)
73
Microspores
-Only refers to the male gametes of the seed bearing plants and are large -gives rise to pollen grains, which gives protection to the gamete structures in adverse conditions
74
Pollen grains
Gives protection to the gamete structures in adverse conditions. Pollen grains can travel
75
How do pollen grains travel?
through wind and through animals
76
Megaspore
-Form in ovules with an egg cell. -Refers to the small female gamete - During fertilization, a mature ovule is called a seed
77
Dicots
- The cotyledons contain the endosperm -Contain 2 cotyledon
78
Cotyledon
An embryonic leaf, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed
79
Monocot
Have a standalone endosperm within the seed -have 1 cotyledon
80
Epicotyl
The region of an embryo or seedling stem above the cotyledon
81
Endosperm
Plants needs nutrition which is provided by an endosperm
82
Seed coat
Gives protection to the seed
83
What are some characteristics of Gymnosperms?
-Come before angiosperms -First plants with seeds -Adapted to seasonally dry climates -First organisms that did not require water for reproduction -Conifers fall under this category -Cycads fall under this category
84
Conifers
- 600 species exist -Have needlelike leaves -have female cones -most are evergreens -They keep their leaves b/c their leaves are small and therefore do not have a high metabolic period
85
Evergreens
Have no shedding of the leaves because its leads are much smaller and tiny and do not have a high metabolic period which allows the trees to keep their leaves year round.
86
Cycads
-300 species -air and beetles are its pollinators -endemic to tropics and subtropics -Many are ornamental plants (used for decoration) -Typically bright and beautiful -Some face extinction
87
Horticulture
The art or practice of garden cultivation and management
88
Botony
The science of plants
89
Ginkgos
-Only 1 remaining species, were once diverse -Highly adapted to our changing worlds -are deciduous -have fan shaped leaves -resist insects and disease and air pollution
90
Deciduous
shedding its leaves annually
91
Monotypic Taxon
only have 1 representative species in its entire group
92
Gnetophytes
-include tropical trees -are leathery leafed vines -includes desert shrubs -Look like shrubs
93
What is an example of a gnetophytes?
Ephedra was used to treat colds and flue. Was found in gym supplements and was known to increase heart rates to the point where healthy body builders were having heart attacks. It is now illegal
94

Bio 124 (22 decks)

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