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Bio 124 > Bio 123: PP10 Material > Flashcards

Bio 123: PP10 Material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a timeline characteristic of animals?

A

They are much younger in terms of evolution when compared to protists and fungi

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2
Q

When did animals first make an appearance?

A

First animals were seen around 800 million years ago

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3
Q

What is a timeline characteristic of Dino’s?

A

They were extinct about 65 million years go

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4
Q

Choanoflagellate

A

-Most animal like protists
-Are unicellular
-Scientists believe that extant animals today are related to choanoflagellates

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5
Q

Why types of cells to sponges have and what are they used for?

A

-Collar cells known as Choanocyte
-Are mainly used for feeding
-Choanocyte structures are similar to individual choanoflagellates

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6
Q

Sponges

A

-Are the most ancient animals on the planet
-They lack true tissue
-Have Choanocyte (collar cells)

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7
Q

What are the 5 general characteristics of animals?

A

1)Are multicellular, most having tissues, organs, and organ systems
2)Are aerobic heterotrophs
3)Most species reproduce sexually
4) Most species at some stage of life have mobility
5) Lack cell walls

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8
Q

What are some organ systems that animals have?

A

-Digestion system
-Excretory system
-Circulatory system

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9
Q

Define vertebrates and give examples

A

Animals that have a backbone

-Includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes

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10
Q

Define invertebrate and give examples

A

Animals that lack a back bone

-Beatles and insects

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11
Q

Invertebrate diversity

A

Make up over 95% of the known species of animals

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12
Q

Cell membrane

A

Animals contain a cell membrane that regulates what comes in and out of the cell

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13
Q

Arthropods

A

The most diverse phylum of animals

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14
Q

Habitat of Sponges

A

Sponges mainly occupy the marine floor and coral reefs

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15
Q

What are the types of body symmetry of animals?

A

Radial or Bilateral

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16
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Only has one plane of symmetry through the animals body

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17
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Animals that have infinite planes of symmetry

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18
Q

Ancestral state

A

Older and evolved first

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19
Q

Derived state

A

Trait that came later in evolutionary time

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20
Q

Cephalization

A

Evolutionary trend of the concentration of sense organs and nerve control that is towards the anterior end of the body (all senses developed in places where they can have close communication with our brain)

e.g. our eyes, ears, mouth, nose, tongue are all sensory organs that developed in the close regions to the brain

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21
Q

What are the terms that describe body regions?

A

Anterior
Posterior
Dorsal
Ventral

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22
Q

Anterior

A

Towards the head

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23
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the tail

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24
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the upper part or back of the standing animal

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25
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the lower part or belly of the standing animals

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26
Q

What is an exception to symmetry?

A

Sponges are animals but lack symmetry all together

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27
Q

Characteristics of cephalization

A

Increased cephalization can be found in more complex animals while simpler animals will have decreased cephalization

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28
Q

What is the general embryonic development of animals?

A

1) Zygote
2)Cleavage (8 cell stage)
3) Blastula
4) Gastrulation (folding in beings)

29
Q

Mesoderm

A

Is the development of a third embryonic germ layer that comes later in some animals

30
Q

Cleavage

A

The fertilized zygote undergoes rapid mitotic divisions and creates the cleavage

31
Q

Blastula

A

Spherical shape and has a hollow inside called the blastocoel

32
Q

-coel

A

Meaning cavity/empty

33
Q

Blastocoel

A

Hollow inside of the blastula

34
Q

Gastrulation

A

Occurs when the blastocoel begins to start folding in on itself

35
Q

Grastula

A

Once gastrulation is complete the entire structure of the cell body is called the gastrula

36
Q

What are the layers of the Grastula?

A

1) Blastocoel
2)Endoderm
3) Ectoderm
4) Archenteron
5)Blastopore

37
Q

Ectoderm

A

Most outer layer of a gastrula

38
Q

Blastocoel of the Gastrula

A

The original empty hollow space that we have during the blastula phase

39
Q

Endoderm

A

Inside fold on the gastrula

40
Q

Archenteron

A

Is a second hollow space that forms as a result of the endoderm forming

41
Q

Blastopore

A

Entrance to the archenteron

42
Q

Embryonic germ layer

A

Any cell that is undifferentiated, in which other structures will eventually develop within the animals

43
Q

What are the general tissue layers in an embryo?

A
  • Ectoderm
    -Endoderm
    -Mesoderm
44
Q

Ectoderm

A

Start of the tissue that lines the body surface

45
Q

What are some examples of the ectoderm?

A
  • Epidermis of skin and its derivatives (includes hair follicles, sweat glands)
    -Lining of the mouth and anus
    -Cornea and lens of eye
    -Tooth enamel
    -Sensory receptors in the skin
    -nervous system
46
Q

Mesoderm

A

The source of muscles and provides structure and support

** only forms in triploblastic animals

47
Q

What are some examples of mesoderm?

A

-Skeletal system
-Muscular system
-Adrenal cortex
-reproductive system
circulatory and lymphatic system
-lining of body cavity

48
Q

Endoderm

A

Develops int the inner gut lining and includes the liver and pancreas

49
Q

What are some examples of the endoderm?

A

-Liver
-Pancreas
-Epithelial lining of digestive tract
-Epithelial lining of the respiratory system
-Thyroid and parathyroid glands

50
Q

Diploblastic

A

Only contains the ectoderm and the endoderm and is the ancestral state

51
Q

Triploblastic

A

Have the ectoderm, endoderm, and the mesoderm and is the derived state

52
Q

Coelom

A

A fluid or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall

53
Q

What is the function of the coelom?

A

Is to provide cushion in order to prevent injury to internal organs, it also enables organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall.

54
Q

What is an evolutionary characteristic of coelom?

A

The ancestral form are animals lacking coelom all together

55
Q

Acoelomates

A

-Animals that lack a coelom which automatically limits their growth.
-The outside of their bodies is continuous with all their internal structures

  • ancestral form
56
Q

Coelomate animals

A

Animals that have a true coelom which forms from the mesoderm

-this is the most derived state
-all vertebrates are coelomate animals

57
Q

Pseudocoelmates

A

Form both from the mesoderm and the endoderm (ancestral to coelomate characteristics).

-Very rare in aniamls

58
Q

Why must acoelomate remain small in body size?

A

***Because their organs are attached to their skin and if the skin grows then their internal organs would burst?
(cant remember this one, double check answer!!)

59
Q

Protostome Development

A

-Is the ancestral path
-has spiral cleavage
-In its earliest stage of development, the cells have already been designated for a specific function (determinant)

60
Q

Deuterostome Development

A

-The derived path
-Has radial cleavage
-First developing cells are undergoing cleavage and these cells have yet to be given a function (these cells are known as stem cells)

61
Q

What are the key comparisons of protostome and deuterostome development?

A

1) Cleavage
2)Determination of earliest cells
3)Coelom Formation
4) Fate of the blastopore

62
Q

What is the fate of the blastopore?

A

In protostome development, the mouth develops from the blastopore.

In deuterostome development, the anus develops from the blastopore.

63
Q

Spiral Cleavage

A

Cells divide in a circular motion around the polar axis of the mass of dividing cells

64
Q

Radial Cleavage

A

Cells divide towards the polar axis.

65
Q

What do morphological and molecular data agree on?

A

1) all animals share a common ancestor- the protists colonial flagellate
2) Sponges are the most ancestral animals
3)Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissue
4) Most animals demonstrate bilateral symmetry
5)Chordates and Echinoderms are deuterostomes

66
Q

What are some examples of Molecular data?

A

Hox genes, nuclear genes, mitochondrial genes.

67
Q

What are the two most ancient groups of animals?

A

The poriferans and the Cnidarians

68
Q

What is the most ancestral animal domain?

A

The metazoa which includes the porifera (sponges)

Bio 124 (22 decks)

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