Bio 123: PP5 Material

Question 1

Define Macroevolution

Answer 1

Simple: How species change as a whole

PPT Def: The process whereby an ancestral species gives rise to a pair of daughter species.

Question 2

What are the three steps in which Speciation Occurs?

Answer 2

• Isolation of populations
  -Divergence of Traits
  -Reproductive Isolation

Question 3

Define Speciation

Answer 3

The process by which a new species comes to be on the planet.

Question 4

Define Divergence

Answer 4

• Is equivalent to speciation
• The splitting up from an ancestor and becoming a new species.

Question 5

Divergence in traits

Answer 5

Differences in traits over time

Question 6

Explain Reproductive Isolation

Answer 6

Reproductive isolation begins when gene flow between populations of a species ends and genetic divergence follows and that once same species can no longer reproduce with each other.

Question 7

When has a divergence fully occurred and we see two separate species?

Answer 7

When gene pools of isolated populations diverge and now have, mutations, natural selection, and genetic drift working independently on each population. This leads to the two populations being reproductive isolated.

Question 8

Define Allopatric Speciation

Answer 8

A physical barrier arises and stops gene flow between two populations or subpopulations of a species. E.G. Alpacas, Llamas, and Camels.

Question 9

What are some barriers that can cause Allopatric speciation?

Answer 9

Mountains, Oceans

Question 10

What must happen first in order for speciation to occur?

Answer 10

There must be a shut down of gene flow between populations and subpopulations in order for speciation to occur.

Question 11

Define Dispersal

Answer 11

The ability to move around

Question 12

How does dispersal play into Allopatric Speciation?

Answer 12

Organisms with low dispersal capabilities tend to have more allopatric speciation effects.

Question 13

Define Sympatric Speciation

Answer 13

A new species may form even in the absence of a geographical barrier.

Question 14

What are the 5 types of ways a new species come about in Sympatric Speciation?

Answer 14

-Temporal Isolation
-Mechanical Isolation
-Behavioral Isolation
-Polyploidy
-Gametic Isolation

Question 15

Explain Temporal Isolation

Answer 15

Refers to time.

Occurs when members of the same species mating season and reproductive age does not overlap. AKA they have different mating seasons.

Question 16

Explain Behavioral Isolation.

Answer 16

When mating rituals become different from one another.

Question 17

Mechanical Isolation

Answer 17

Occurs when males and females do not have compatible genitalia. Typically occurs in animals that have low cognition.

Question 18

Define Gametic Isolation

Answer 18

Typically seen in Marine or Aquatic animals where fertilization is external. Gametes have to be compatible with sperm released by the males. Can be seen in blue and red sea urchins.

Question 19

Define Polyploidy.

Answer 19

-When there are extra sets of chromosomes in the organism.

-This is common in plants.

-Organisms can only mate with individuals that have the same number of chromosome sets at they do.