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Bio 124 > Bio 123: PP20 Material > Flashcards

Bio 123: PP20 Material Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What falls under the Class Mammalia?

A

They are all sub classes*
-Monotremata
-Marsupialia
- Plancentalia

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2
Q

What is the unifying characteristic of mammals?

A

They can all produce milk and have mammary glands in which they use to nourish their young

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3
Q

Diversity of Mammals

A

-5500 species
-originated in the Triassic Era but their diversity was limited until the Cenozoic Era
-They all lactate to feed their young
- Half of the mammal diversity is made up of rodents
- Have a huge morphological diversity (bats v. whale v. Giraffe v. Mole)

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4
Q

What is the second largest group of mammals?

A

The Chiroptera! These are the bats

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5
Q

What is the first largest group of mammals?

A

The Rodentia! Includes 2,200 species

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6
Q

Monotremes Characteristics

A

Lack nipples and instead part of their skin is modified into mammary glands and their young directly such on their skin to get milk. Monotremes are also oviparous

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7
Q

Marsupials

A
  • Have nipples
    -Have very short gestation periods
    -Their development is completed in their mother’s pouch
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8
Q

Placental Mammals

A

-Young are developed in the placenta

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9
Q

Laundry list of mammals

A

-Have hair
-Have glandular skin that includes sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands
-Have middle ear bones
-Have diphydont teeth that are either homodont or heterodont
-Have moveable eyelids
-Have fleshy external ears
-Four chambered heart
-Non nucleated biconcave red blood cells
-Alveolar lungs
-Defined larynx
-Paired kidneys with urinary bladder
-Have more complex brain development (cerebral cortex)
-Young are nourished by milk from the mammary glands

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10
Q

Sweat glands

A

Used for temperature control and to regulate internal body temp

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11
Q

Scent glands

A

Used to attract mates

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12
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A

Secretes sebum to help keep the skin moist

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13
Q

What are the middle ear bones of mammals divided?

A

The middle ear bones are the smallest bones in the body of a mammal. The middle ear bones are split into the incus, malleus, and stapes

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14
Q

Homodont teeth

A

Teeth that are all pretty much the same shape/size throughout. E.G. elephants have mostly all molars used to grind down their specific diet

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15
Q

Heterodont teeth

A

Having different types of teeth throughout. E.G. dogs have canines, molars and incisors

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16
Q

Why do mammals have non nucleated biconcave red blood cells?

A

To make more room to carry oxygen

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17
Q

Alveoli

A

Little air like sacs where gas exchange take place in the lungs. MAIN PURPOSE IS TO EXPAND THE SURFACE AREA FOR GAS EXCHANGE TO OCCUR

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18
Q

What is the purpose of having paired kidneys?

A

Used for excretion

19
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Responsible for conscious thought

20
Q

Characteristics of Monotremes

A

-5 species
-Includes the duck-billed platypus
-Do not have birth to live young (oviparous mammals)
-Eggs hatch rapidly which is followed by lactation in the mother.
-No nipples
-Lactation occurs through a specialized patch of skin

21
Q

Unique characteristic of the Duck-billed platypus

A

It have a venomous spur which is mainly used for predatory defense. It is one of the only mammals that contains venom.

22
Q

Characteristics of Marsupials

A

-Includes the koalas, kangaroos, and tasmanian devils
-Major characteristic is that they give birth to very premature offspring that are not fully developed and complete their development in the mother’s pouch
-Have a placenta
-Have very short gestation period

23
Q

Gestation period

A

The time in which the developing embryo is developing in the placenta of its mother.

24
Q

Development of Marsupials

A

-Born extremely early
-Climb up the fur of its mom and attaches to a nipple in the pouch
-Embryo = “Clawing head”
-Never detaches during its brooding period
-Once detaches they are called a ‘joey’ but still mainly stay in pouch until weaning

25
Q

Marsupials in U.S

A

The only marsupial in the US is the North American Possum

26
Q

Reliance on Parental Care

A

Mammals and birds and the two groups that majorly depends on parental care

27
Q

Placental groups

A

-Mothers have a placenta that directly nourishes the developing fetus
-Are all viviparous (give birth to fully developed young)
-Some are altricial/some are precocial
-Gestation period in placental groups are much longer

28
Q

What falls under placental groups?

A
  • Pholidota (Pangolin)
    -Rodentia (rodents)
  • Lagomorpha (rabbits)
    -Chiroptera (bats)
    -Carnivora (cats, dogs, bears)
    -Ungulates (hoofed mammals including sea mammals)
    -Primates (lemurs, apes, humans)
29
Q

Pangolin

A

Have a reversal to scales and is the most ancient group of mammals

30
Q

Ungulate digestion

A

-Have specializations in their digestive track for the efficient break down of plants (plants are hard to break down and get nutrients from because of its cell wall)

31
Q

Purpose of the small intestine

A

to absorb nutrients

32
Q

Purpose of the large intestine

A

main job is to absorb water

33
Q

Stomachs of deer, cows, and goats

A

They have a multi chambered stomach that aids in the process of breaking down plant material to get nutrients

34
Q

Ruminant stomach

A

-Have a reticulum which is a muscular chamber that is used to further grind down plants

35
Q

Digitgrade

A

Primarily walks on their digits (dogs)

36
Q

Plantigrade

A

Walks on the soles of their feet (humans)

37
Q

Unguligrade

A

Walk on hoofed feet (horses)

38
Q

Sociality in Mammals

A

-They have more complex brain and therefore have more complex behavior and have modifications to their behaviors through learning

39
Q

Define Sociality

A

The tendency to form social groups or live in structured groups

40
Q

Advantages of Sociality

A

1) Increases hunting success: groups may be able to exploit resources not available to single individuals
2)Predator defense: increased detection of predators and less time invested to search for predators, gives more time for eating
3) Increases reproductive fitness

41
Q

Where is sociality common?

A

Common in birds and mammals. Most primates form social groups

42
Q

Disadvantages of sociality

A

1) Disease transmission
2) Scarce resources and potential for increased competition among individuals which can increase fighting

43
Q

Primates

A

-Have complex brains
-Have complex social and behavior structure
-Understand reciprocity
-Understand fairness

44
Q

Altruism

A

Selfless act

Bio 124 (22 decks)

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