Bio 123: PP14 Material

Question 1

What falls under Deuterostomia?

Answer 1

Echinodermata
Chordata

Question 2

What are the major characteristics of Enchinoderms?

Answer 2

-They are deuterostomes
-They have a water vascular system that they rely on for locomotion, food/waste transportations, and respiration
-Live in marine habitats
-Have evolutionary reversals
-They are triploblastic
-They have an endoskeleton that contains millions of calcium carbonate components called ossicles
-They have a complete digestive system
-They can regenerate tissues
-Asexual reproduction by fragmentation
-Have blood vascular system what is reduced and have body fluid circulation by cillia

Question 3

What are the evolutionary reversals of echinodermata?

Answer 3

-They have radial symmetry
-Have radian nerves (do not have a CNS)
-They have little to no cephalization
-They do not have excretory organs

Question 4

What are Ossicles?

Answer 4

They are spines/spicules (similar to sponges) that is used for protection

Question 5

What are the classes of Enchinodermata?

Answer 5

-Asteroidea (Sea Stars)
-Crinoidea (Sea lillies, feather stars)
-Ophiuroidea (Brittle Stars, basket stars)
-Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)
-Holothuroidea (Sea cucumbers)

Question 6

Brittle stars

Answer 6

Typically have no symmetry

Question 7

Radial Animals

Answer 7

Cannot follow dorsal, ventral, posterior, and anterior classification

Question 8

What body classification do radial animals use?

Answer 8

Aboral surface and the Oral Surface

Question 9

What is the madreporite

Answer 9

It serves as the entrance to the water vascular system of the organisms

Question 10

What are the general body parts on the aboral surface of a asteroidea?

Answer 10

-Central disk
-Madreporite
-Anus
-Arm

Question 11

What are the general body parts on the oral surface of an asteroidea?

Answer 11

-arms
-mouth
-spines
-tube feet
-Ambulacral grooves
-Sensory tentacles

Question 12

Ambulacral grooves

Answer 12

Give each arm their hardened structure

Question 13

Spines

Answer 13

Are used for protection

Question 14

Sensory tentacles

Answer 14

@ the end of each arm and are used for tactile touch as they move around in their environment

Question 15

Tube Feet

Answer 15

Allows asteroidea to move

Question 16

Explain the water vascular system of an Asteroidea

Answer 16

-Water enters through the madreporite
-It then moves into the ring canal
-Once in the ring canal it moves into the different radial canals that each arm has
-From the radial canal it goes into the tube feet
-Water can also exit through the madreporite

Question 17

What are some additional characteristics that sea stars have?

Answer 17

They have sensory tentacles, radial nerves, and the ability of regeneration

Question 18

Why do sea stars undergo autotomy?

Answer 18

To protect against viruses, to escape predators, and for reproduction.

Question 19

What is included in the Crinoidea Class?

Answer 19

The sea lillies and feather stars

Question 20

What are characteristics of crinoidea?

Answer 20

-Have no symmetry
-Includes about 625 extant species
-Have a mobile larval stage
-Relatively sessile
-Live in deep water
-Metamorphic stages go from its sessile stage to its motile form.

Question 21

What is included in the class Ophiuroidea?

Answer 21

-The brittle stars and the basket stars

Question 22

What are the characteristics of Ophiuroidea?

Answer 22

-Not very mobile
-motion is limited
-Includes 2000 extant species
-Live in benthic marine habitats
-Have long slender arms
-Have tube feet without suckers
-Madreporite is on the oral surface

Question 23

Define Benthic

Answer 23

Anything occurring or associated with the bottom of a body of water

Question 24

What is the major difference between Brittle stars and sea stars?

Answer 24

Brittle stars have their madreporite located on the oral side of their body and sea stars have the madreporite located on the aboral side.

Question 25

What falls under the class Echinoidea?

Answer 25

Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars

Question 26

What are the characteristics of Euchinoidea?

Answer 26

-Includes around 950 species
-Have radial symmetry
-Found in reefs and shallow water (intertidal zones)

Question 27

What falls under the class Holothuroidea?

Answer 27

The Sea Cucumbers

Question 28

What are the characteristics of Holothuroidea?

Answer 28

-Includes 1150 extant species
-Only class in Enchinodermata that has an elongated body in the oral-aboral axis
-Are soft bodies
- Live in the sea floor and beneath rocks
-Have morphological, behavioral, and physiological behavior defense mechanisms

Question 29

What is an example of a morphological defense mechanisms that Holothuroidea utilize?

Answer 29

They have spikes that stick out of their body.

Question 30

What is an example of a Behavioral defense mechanisms that Holothuroidea utilize?

Answer 30

They bury themselves in sand to hide from predators. They also pull in all their feeding tentacles when they sense an animal nearby.

Question 31

What is an example of a physiological defense mechanism that Holothuroidea utilize?

Answer 31

They are able to expel their guts that excrete an acidic substance into their environment and can cause predators to die.

Question 32

autotomy

Answer 32

self-amputation