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Bio 124 > Bio 123: PP12 Material > Flashcards

Bio 123: PP12 Material Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the phylum name for the Flatworms?

A

Platyhelminthes

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2
Q

What are some characteristics of the Platyhelminthes?

A

-Mainly live in marine and fresh water environments but are the first organisms we see that can also live in terrestrial environments
-Have flattened bodies
-Range from microscopic to 30m long
-Are acoelomates but are triploblastic
-Respiration and gas exchange occurs via diffusion.
-They have clusters of flame cells
-Have an organized nervous system (CNS)

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3
Q

What is the name of the clusters of flame cells?

A

Protonephridia (early excretory system)

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4
Q

What are the three major classes of Platyhelminthes?

A

1) Turbellaria: Planaria
2) Trematodo: Flukes
3) Cestoda: Tapeworms

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5
Q

Lophophore

A

The larval stage of development

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6
Q

Protonephridia

A

Flame cells which are the earliest excretory structure

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7
Q

What is the purpose of excretory structures?

A

To get rid of waste

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8
Q

Whatare the characteristics of Turbellaria?

A

-Are acoelomate
- we see evolution of the first body systems in this class
-they do not have a respiratory system
-Have a feeding tube
-Have a very basic excretory system
-Basic reproductive system
-can produce both eggs and sperm.

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9
Q

Pharynx

A

The feeding tube that turbellaria have.

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10
Q

What is the second class of Platyhelminthes?

A

The trematoda - aka the flukes

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of Flukes?

A
  • All flukes are parasitic
  • Fluke infections are rare in developed countries but are more common in the developing countires
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12
Q

Blood Fluke

A

Live inside the human intestine and live off the human intestine. They spread through feces in the water.

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13
Q

What is the life cycle of a Fluke?

A

1) Fluke Larvae infect snails and go through asexual reproduction within the snail to form a type of motile larva.
2) The motile larvae can penetrate the skin and blood vessels of humans.
3) Mature flukes live in the blood vessels of the human intestine
4) The blood flukes reproduce sexually in the human host and fertilized eggs exit the host in feces.
5) Eggs develop in the water into ciliated larvae. These larvae infect snails and the cycle repeats.

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14
Q

Scolex

A

Its purpose is to adhere to surfaces found (tapeworms)

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15
Q

Tapeworms

A

Live in the intestine and will continue to grow if not treated.

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16
Q

What is the third class of Platyhelminthes?

A

The Cestoda - aka the tapeworms

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of tapeworms?

A

-Are parasitic
-live in the muscles of infected beef

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of Annelids?

A
  • mainly live in aquatic environments but are also the first species that can survive in terrestrial environments
  • Are mostly free-living or ectoparasitic
  • Have a triploblastic body
  • Have a developed coelom
  • Complete digestive system (have a singular digestive tube)
  • Have a fused ganglia CNS near anterior portion of the animals
  • Are hermaprodistic (asexual and sexual reproduction. )
  • Excretion: Have a pair of nephridia for each body segment
  • Respiratory system is through skin, aquatic species have diffusion through gills
  • Have a closed circulatory system - have blood flow in closed vessels.
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19
Q

What are the 3 classes of Annelida?

A

1) Polychaeta: Sea Worms
2) Oligochaetes: Earth Worms
3) Hirudinea: Leeches

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20
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

Circulatory fluid directly bathes the organisms

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21
Q

Euryhaline

A

Adaptation that allows the organisms to tolerate high levels of salinity

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22
Q

Parapodia

A

Appendages that are used for locomotion and sensation

23
Q

What are some characteristics of Polychaeta (Sea Worms)?

A
  • They are the largest class of annelids, 10,000+ species
  • Most are 5-10 cm in length but some can be as long as 3m
  • Many are Euryhaline
  • Are a significant part of the marine food chains
  • Parapodia are muscles, bristled
24
Q

Important relationship of tube worms

A

Tube worms have a commensalism relationship with fish

25
Q

Fireworms

A

Are one of the few predators of coral reefs.

26
Q

Giant tubeworms

A

-Live in hydrothermal vents
-Have a symbiotic relationship with bacteria

27
Q

What class are earthworms?

A

Oligochaetes

28
Q

What are some characteristics of Oligochaetes (earthworms)?

A

-They share a reproductive structure called a clitellum
-They move through hydrostatic skeleton (have muscles in each segment of their bodies)
-Are all hermaphroditic
-small worms emerge from cocoons
-Have a closed circulatory system
-Have 5 anterior aerobic bands
-Have a closed digestive system

29
Q

Clitellum

A

It is a ring of secretory cells in the epidermis that appears on the worm’s exterior as a fat band.

30
Q

Hydrostatic skeleton

A

Circular bands of muscles along body segments that allows earthworms to move

31
Q

Pharynx

A

Functions as part of the digestive system

32
Q

How many stomach chambers do earth worms have?

A

2
The crop (used for storage)
The gizzard (used for mashing)

33
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Breaking down of the food particles to a more absorbent form.

34
Q

What is the organ breakdown of earthworms?

A

-They have a bladder-like storage region of nephridium
-They have a funnel that is a coelomic fluid with waste enters
-They have an external pore where waste is discharged
-They have blood vessels and hearts
-They have a brain and a nerve cord
-The clitellum maximized their fitness

35
Q

How do earth worms reproduce?

A

They are hermaphrodites and attach that the clitellum of other worms. They then exchange sperm through a sperm duct and into a seminal receptacle. If fertilization occurs, a second clitellum is formed and this fatty band will eventually slide off the worm leaving behind a cocoon of fertilized eggs. Baby worms will then exist the cocoon when developed.

36
Q

What is the class of leeches?

A

Hirudinea

37
Q

What are some characteristics of leeches?

A

-They are all ectoparasitic
-Feed off the blood of their host

38
Q

What classes fall under the phylum Mollusca?

A

-Polyplacophora
-Bivalvia
-Gastropoda
-Cephalopoda

39
Q

What falls under Polyplacophora?

A

The chitons (which is the ancestral form)

40
Q

What falls under Bivalvia?

A

Musscles, clams, scallops, and oysters

41
Q

What falls under gastropoda?

A

Snails, slugs, whelks, conchs, sea slugs, sea hares, and sea butterflies

42
Q

What falls under Cephalopoda?

A

Squids, octopuses nautiluses, cuttlefish (and are the most biologically advances)

43
Q

What are characteristics of Mollusks?

A

-Have a mantle and shell
-Live in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial havitats
-Have bilateral symmetry
-Triploblastic and have a true coelom
-Many have a radula
-Have advances in their CNS
-Cephalopods have high degree of cephalization but there are also reversals
-Most reproduce sexually
-Have an open circulatory system (except cephalopods)

44
Q

Mantle

A

The dorsal body wall that creates the shell

45
Q

Shell

A

Provides protection to mollusks

46
Q

Radula

A

Rasping tongue like structure used for feeding

47
Q

Polyplacophora (Chitons)

A

Have a surrounding of spike like structures that is used for adherence.
-Are bilateral animals

48
Q

Bivalvia

A

Species where we see a reversal to its very basic form

49
Q

Reversal

A

When we see a return to the most ancestral state

50
Q

What are some characteristics of Bivalvia?

A

-Most are filter feeders
-Range in size from 1 to 2mm to 1m in length
-Do not have a head or a radula and have very little cephalization
-Most are marine and many also live in lakes and streams
-Are economically important
-Do not have a digestive system
-Has a muscular foot

51
Q

What are Bivalvia economically important?

A

IDK lol

52
Q

What unique body characteristic do Bivalvia have?

A

They have an incurrent and excocurrent syphons

53
Q

Characteristics of Gastropoda

A

-Largest and most diverse group of mullusks
-There are around 70,000 living species and 15,000 fossils species
-It includes species such as snails, slugs, sea slugs etc.
-Live in a majority of habitats
-Are usually sluggish, and sedentary animals because of their heavy shells
-They also fossilize easily because they have a shell and live in sedimentary rock which are 2 requirements for fossilization to occur.
-Have a diverse ways of life (either swim, climb, or burrow)

54
Q

Cephalopoda

A

-Includes squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, etc.
-Are all marine animals and active predators
-Have a modified muscular foot what is concentrated in their head region
-Ranges in size from 2-3 cm to 60ft
-Could possibly become an indicator species because they are very sensitive to salinity in the water
-Have high degrees of cephalization and cognition

Bio 124 (22 decks)

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